HP Body Flashcards
What are the two main circulation systems ?
1) Pulmonary - heart to lung. De-oxidised
2) Systemic - Heart to muscles. Oxidised.
What’s blood made up of ?
Red blood cells - oxygen
White blood cells - anti bodies
Plasma - waste
Platelet - heals/fixes skin
What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation ?
Vasoconstriction is when it’s cold and blood vessels get smaller, prevent oxygen getting to muscles.
Vasodilation is when vessels expand and try to give out heat, hence with you go red. Getting rid of anti bodies.
What are the 3 parts to the autonomic system ?
Sympathetic - reaction to threat
Parasympathetic - relaxed, easy digestion
Enteric - gut and digestion control
What are the 2 types of nervous system ?
Central - Brain and spine
Peripheral - sense (5)
How do nerve cells work ?
They work electrochemically. Voltage carried by ions through the system.
What are blood vessels made up of ?
Arteries - oxidised blood
Veins - de-oxidised blood
Valves - stop blood flowing back the wrong way
Capillaries - waste product out, oxygen into cell.
What is the 4 chambers of the heart ?
Left atrium - oxidised blood
Left ventricle - oxidised blood out to body
Right atrium - deoxidised blood
Right ventricle - deoxidised blood to the lungs
Where does internal respiration occur ?
It occurs at the cells
Where does external respiration occur ?
It occurs at the lungs
What is the lung value for Tidal ?
500 ML
Volume inhaled and exhaled for each breath
What is the lung value for inspiratory ?
3100 ML
Extra air inhaled after standard amount inhaled. So like if you were panting
What is the lung value for expiratory ?
1200ML
Air that can be exhaled after standard exhalation
What is the lung value for residual ?
1200 ML
Amount of air needed to stop lung collapsing
What is total lung capacity ? And what is is made up of ?
6000 ML
Tidal + inspiratory + expiratory + residual
What is vital lung capacity? And what is it made up of ?
4800ML
Tidal + Inspiratory + expiratory
What is inspiratory capacity ? And what is it made up of ?
3600 ML
Tidal + inspiratory
What is function volume ? And what is it made up of ?
2400 ML
Residual + expiratory
What is the average pulse rate ?
70-75 bpm
What are the two blood pressure names ? What is the average blood pressure ?
Systole - blood flow at movement.
Diastole - blood at rest.
120/80
What is the name of high blood pressure ? What is it’s rate ?
Hypertension
140/90
What is the name of low blood pressure ? What is it’s the rate ?
Hypotension
90/60
What is it called when signals are sent to the heart about state of blood pressure ?
Baroreceptors/ pressoreceptor
What is the partial pressure of O2 in our lungs at 10,000ft ?
55 mmHG
What is the partial pressure of O2 in our lungs at MSL?
160mmHG
What is the saturation level (percentage) of O2 at:
MSL
10,000
20,000
97.5%
87%
65%
What are the total pressures at: (ft)
8000
18,000
36,000
543 mmHG
380 mmHG
187 mmHG
What are the useful time of consciousness for:
20,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
30 minutes
1-2 minutes
30-90 seconds
15-20 seconds
What are the 3 stages of Hypoxia ?
Reaction - 7000ft
Disturbance - 7000 to 12,000ft
Critical - 12,000 to 22,000ft
Where is the cornea on the eyeball ? And how much light does it absorb ?
It is at the front, it is the point which absorbs the most light.
50 to 70 %
Why do lens of the eye change shape ?
They change shape by the distance something is to the eye, and fatigue and age
What is the liquid responsible for keeping shape of the eye ?
Vitreous humour
Part of eye responsible for direct vision ?
Fovea
What is Dioptres ?
All about effectiveness and reactivity of the lens.
Average dioptre is about 16-30
What happens to the lens if an object becomes closer
It concaves
What happens to the lens as object gets further away ?
They convex
What is the name of the main nerve at the back of the eye ?
Optical nerve
What controls eye movement ?
How many of them are there ?
Eye movement is controlled by muscles. There are 6 extracular muscles.
What is it called when the eye vibrates/jerks ?
Saccade
What do cones collect ?
Coloured light and alpha numeric information.
Red, Blue and green
How long do cones take to adapt to light ?
7 minutes
How long do rods take to adapt to light ?
30 minutes
What do rods collect ?
Black and white light, works well at night and reduced light
What is the eye made up of?
Cornea, aqueous humour, Iris, Pupil, lens and retina
What are the 9 depth perception cues
Relative size, relative height, absolute or actual size, texture gradient, motion parallax, aerial or atmospheric perspective, linear perspective, overlap or interposition, shading and lighting.
What is the blind spot ?
No image is picked up by cones or rods at optic nerve, so no impulse sent to the brain.
What are the 7 eye medical problems ?
Colour blindness, refractive errors, astigmatism, presbyopia, cataracts, glaucoma, flash blindness.
How is the ear split up and what are those sections like ?
Outer, middle and inner.
Air in outer and middle and liquid in inner
What are the 3 causes of hearing loss ?
NIHL, Conductive hearing loss, Presbycusis
How does balance work ?
It uses the vestibular system, visual and proprioceptive
What is Decibel reading that will cause hearing loss ?
120 DB flash exposure and 80-95 for long exposure
What are the three types of acceleration (G-force) ?
Angular, radial, linear
If you go up what g do you experience ?
Positive G
If you go down, what G do you experience ?
Negative G
What can be done to prevent G symptoms ?
Wear anti-G suits, experience, tense muscles, lean back.
What are the 4 barotraumas ?
Optic, sinus, gastrointestinal and aerodontalgia
