How to Assess Normality Flashcards

1
Q

What are the examples of methods which perform statistical tests

A
  1. Hypothetical tests
  2. Constructing confidence intervals
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2
Q

What do non-parametric or distribution free methods not require

A

An assumption of normality

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3
Q

Why are non-parametric or distribution free methods not always needed

A
  1. ASSUMPTIONS OF NORMALITY ARE NOT ALWAYS CRUCIAL
    - unpaired t test can tolerate departures from normality can be tolerated
    - may not be the most important of several assumptions
  2. DISTRIBUTION- FREE METHODS ARE NOT ASSUMPTION FREE
    - un paired two sample t test the distribution are assumed to have the same shape and differ only by shift
  3. THERE RELIANCE ON THE RANKS OF THE DATA CAN MAKE SOME ASPECTS OF ESTIMATION SEEMS UNNATURAL
  4. DISTRIBUTION-FREE METHODS CAN’T COPE WITH DATA DOESN’T HAVE A SIMPLE STRUCTURE
  5. TRANSFORMATION CAN BE USEFUL IN CHANGING THE DISTRIBUTION OF DATA TO A MORE MANABLE FORM
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4
Q

When are non-parametric or distribution free methods beneficial

A

When INFERENCES are BASED MORE STRONGLY ON THE ASSUMPTION OF NORMALITY

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5
Q

When are INFERENCES BASED MORE STRONGLY ON THE ASSUMPTION OF NORMALITY

A

When trying to estimate features of the data that DEPENDS ON THE EXTREMES OF THE DISTRIBUTIONS (t-test)

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6
Q

What does a normal distribution describe

A

Data that is distributed over all values (positive andnegative)

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7
Q

Is normal distribution appropriate to described a necessarily positive outcome ascribes very little probability (less than 1 to 5%) to negative values

A

Yes

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8
Q

Is normal distribution fitted to a positive variable ascribes substantial probability to negative values appropriate

A

No

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9
Q

If a positive variable that is assumed to be normal has an estimated mean (m) less than the estimated SD (m/s<1) is normal distribution appropriate

A

No- as the ratio m/s INCREASES TOWARDS 2 the suspicion NORMALITY IS APPROPRIATE WILL DIMINISH

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10
Q

What graphical representations can be used to assess normality?

A

A histogram
- allows for the general shape of the distribution to be estimated
- Too strict an insistance on a suitable ‘bell-shaped appearance can lead to NORMAL DATA being DISMISSED as NON-NORMAL DATA which is the case with small samples

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11
Q

Normal Probability plot- basic idea of it being normal

A

1.As the sample increases, the smallest value is expected to fall further below the mean (u)
2. Middle of the sample being close to the mean
3. Intermediate values will fall in-between, with values clustering more tightly near the mean as their rank increases due to the nature of the bell shape of the normal curve
4. Largest value will be arranged above the mean symmetrically relative to the smallest value

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12
Q

What would a normal distribution look like on a normal probability plot

A

It would look like a straight line

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13
Q

Is normal probability plot one of the best methods to assess normality

A

Yes

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14
Q

Can formal hypothesis test assess normality

A

It can but it lacks power

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