How To Flashcards
Questions to ask when conducting a preliminary assessment to see if there is a need for an intervention. (4)
- Does the Bx pose a danger to self or others?
- Does the Bx affect the clients well being? #EthicsDevil
- Does the Bx prevent the client from accessing less restive environments in various settings? #SeperatedFromPeers #LosingPlacement
- How does the Bx compare to same-aged, typically developing peers?
How to plan for generalization? (2)
- # RuleofRelevance
2. Variation/Situations, Examples/Non-examples - for after instruction
5 Phases of Assessment
In sequential order but often overlaping
- Screening and General Disposition.
- Define and Quantify the problem and criterion for goal
- Pinpoint Target Bx
- Progress Monitor
- Follow up
10 Questions when evaluating the habilitaiton/social significance of target Bx.
- Rule of Relevants
- Prequisits for functional skill
- Access (to environment) Bx
- Predispose significant others
- Pivotal Bx or Bx Cusp
- Age Appropriate
- Functional replacement Bx needed #ConstructivistApproach
- Goal or indirectly related
- Just talk? #Mentalist #Therapy
- Goal or help achieve goal?
Prioritizing Target Bx’s (9)
- Threatens the safety of others.
- Frequency #Opportunity4New #ProblemBxOccurance
- Longevity #ChornicBeforeNew
- Potential for high rates
- Importance for future #Development #Independence
- Negative attention from others
- Rx for Significant Others #EthicsDevil
8 Likelihood for success - some Bx harder to change - Cost-Benefit ration #time #effort
Guidelines for selecting and using stimulus preference assessments (3)
- Monitor learners activity #LookForMOs
- Cost-benefit #briefVSProlonged #DelayedRxIndentification
- Multiple assessment methods/sources #asking #FreeOperantObservation #TrialBased
Guidelines for Multiple Baseline Designs (5)
- Selection independent, yet functionally similar baselines.
- Select concurrent and plausibly related multiple baselines.
- Do not apply the IV to the next Bx too soon.
- Vary significantly the lenths of the multiple baselines.
- Intervene on the most stable baseline first.
Guidelines of Chaning Criteron Designs (3)
- Length of phases. HValidity w/ varied lengths
- Magnitude of criteron change. vary size of change
- Number of Criteron. More changers = more proof of experimental control
How to Identify/Address Practical/Ethical Considerations in Single Case Designs to Show Treatment Effectiveness (Baseline Trend) (4)
Problem: When data is not stable.
- Continue observations for a longer period.
- Try reversing the trend (DRO)
- Select designs that do not require stable baselines.
- Use statistical techniques that take initial trends into account
How to Identify/Address Practical/Ethical Considerations in Single Case Designs to Show Treatment Effectiveness (Excessive Variability in Data) (2)
Problem: Variability in data can obscure intervention effectiveness.
- Block consecutive data points / plot blocked averages, not day-to-day performance.
- Search for cause in variability or the situation. (Variations in Ex stimulu)
How to Identify/Address Practical/Ethical Considerations in Single Case Designs to Show Treatment Effectiveness (Duration of Phases ) (2)
Problem: Related to trend/variability in data
- No ridgid rules on the nuber of data points needed in each phase because the clarity and utility of a set of observations is a function of the data pattern in adjacent phases.
- Objective Criteria for deciding to switch phases. Redcues subjectivity.
How to Ensure a High Level of Treatment Integrity (3)
- Precise operational defintions of treatment procedure.
- SIMPLIFY, STANDARDIZE and AUTOMATE.
- Training and practice for conductors of experimental sessions #DetailedScripts #VerbalInstruction
How to Assess Treatment Integrity (3)
- Does implementation match written methods?
- Observation + Calibration?, Reteaching + Practice
- Reduce, eliminate or identify potential confounding variables.
Striefel’s 5 Steps of Imitation Training
- Assess and teach prerequisites skills #StaySeated #HandsInLap
- Select models for training (25 Bx, 1 @ a time)
- Pretest (ability to imitate choses models)
- Sequence models for training #easy2difficult
- Implement imitaiton training #preassessment #training #postassessment #ProbeForImitativeBx
Guidelines for Imitation Training (6)
- Keep training sessions short (10-15 min, couple times a day).
- Rx BOTH prompted and imitative responses. (Rx all attempts)
- Pair verbal praise and attention with tangible Rx #paring.
- If progress breaks down, back up and move ahead slowly.
- Record Data
- Fade out prompts
Guidelines for Shaping Bx (9)
- Assess terminal Bx and available resources.
- Select the terminal Bx.
- Determine criterion for success. #speed #accuracy #duration #magnitude
- Analyse response class. #IdentifyApproximations
- Identfy the first Bx to be Rx . (Bx should be occuring in some degree/ already member of response class)
- Eliminate interfering and extraneous stimulus.
- Proceed in gradual steps.
- Limit # of approximations at each level. #Bx2Established
- Continue Rx when the terminal Bx is achieved #DontLoseBx
Chaining Steps (3)
- Create and confirm TASK ANALYSIS #CompetentIndividual #ExpertProfessionals #SelfPerform
- Assess Baseline Level of Mastered Steps #SingleOpportunity #MultipleOpportunity #TaskAnalysisAssessments
- Decide on Bx Chain Method #Forward #Backward(leaps) #Total
6 ways to disrupt or break a Bx chain
- Extinction
- Satiation
- Unchaining,
- Interrupting the chain
- Substituting the Sd
- Extending the chain with time delays.
6 Components of Experiments in ABA
- At least 1 subject
- At least 1 Bx
- At least 1 setting
- Treatment #IV
- A measurement system
- An experimental design
Factors affecting the performance of a Bx chain (5)
- Completeness
- Length or Complexity
- Schedules of Rx #NumberOfResponsesNeeded
- Stimulus Variations #IntroduceAllPossible
- Response Variations
Guidelines for using DRI/DRA (5)
- Select incompatable/alternative Bx
- Select Rxers that are powerful and can be delivered consistently
- Rx incompatabe/alternative Bx immediatly and consistently
- Withhold Rx for challenging Bx
- Combine DRI/DRA with other procedures
Guidelines for using DRO (7)
- Select Rxers that are powerful and can be delivered consistently
- Recognize the limitations of the DRO #Non-targetChallengingBxIncrease #EthicsDevil
- Set initial DRO intervals that assure fequent Rx
- DO NOT inadvertently Rx other undesirable Bx
- Gradually increase DRO after consistent improvemets #Constant #Proportionally #Session2Session
- Extend the applicaiton of DRO to other settings/time of day
- Combine DRO w/other procedures
Guidelines for using DRH/DRD/DRL (5)
- Recognize the limitaiton of DRH/DRD/DRL (DONT USE for dangerous Bx or when speed is needed).
- Choose most appropriate procedure
- Use baseline data to guide the selection of the Initial Response or IRT Limits
- Gradually thin the DRH/DRD/DRL schedules
- Provide feedback to the learner (DRL–>Interval–>Full Session
Steps to Develope a Token Economy
- Select Tokens
- Identify Target Bx and Rules
3 Choose Backup Rx - Set up Exchange Ratio
- Develope Procedures for When Token Requirements are NOT met.
- Field Test
