How the body responds to infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is primary immunity

A

Immunity produced by the first exposure to the pathogen

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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity ?

A

Occurs when re-exposed to the same microbe ; it is a more improved secondary response

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity is generated by ____

A

Lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Tonsils
Lymph nodes (cervical, axillary and inguinal)
Adenoids
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
Spleen
Peyer’s patches
Lamina propria
Appendix

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5
Q

Function of lymphoid organs

A

Production of RBCs , WBCs and platelets
Removal of damaged RBCs
Maturation of immune cells
Trapping foreign material

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6
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Majority of immune cells originate in these organs
Red bone marrow and thymus

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7
Q

What is lymphocyte recirculation

A

Refers to the continuous transport of large numbers of naive lymphocytes between the blood and lymphatic organs ; allows constant surveillance of the whole body for infection

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8
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Acts as a general response to many types of pathogens

Quickly activated

remains the same on repeated exposure to the same microbe

moderate effficiency - unlikely to provide full protection against highly virulent pathogens

works by recognising PAMPs and PRRs

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9
Q

What are PAMPs

give 2 examples

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

they distinguish pathogens from cells from our own body

bacterial lipopolysaccharides and viral double stranded RNA

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10
Q

What are PRRs

give an example

A

Pattern recognition receptors that are widely expressed in many cells involved in the innate immune response

they bind to PAMPs

E.g. toll like receptors

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11
Q

Describe adaptive/acquired immunity

A

Involves T and B lymphocytes

more slowly activated

improves on repeated exposure to same pathogen

highly efficient

specific response adapted to individual microbes

recognition of antigens specific to each type of pathogen

antigens recognised by antigen-specific receptors clonally expressed by lymphocytes

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12
Q

Stages of a primary infection

A

1) epithelial barrier
2) immediate innate local response via complement proteins and macrophages
3) early induced response (innate/inflammatory)

inflammatory mediators produced by complement macrophages and mast cells

these attract leukocytes and serum proteins (more complement)

4) later adaptive response

antigen carriage by dendritic cells/diffused in lymphoid tissue to activate specific T and B cells

Antibody produced and recirculated back to the site of infection

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13
Q

Which WBC are responsible for furthering the immune response in intra-cellular vesicular infection

A

Helper T cells

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14
Q

Which components of the immune system are involved in intracellular cytosolic infection (most viral infections)

A

Interferon proteins

natural killer cells

cytotoxic T cells

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15
Q

What are the different types of diseases that come under immunopathology ?

A

Immunodeficiency

allergy

autoimmunity

transplant rejection

lymphoproliferative disease

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16
Q

What is autoimmunity

A

When T and B cells begin inappropriately attacking body’s own cells

17
Q
A