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Immunology > Blood components > Flashcards

Blood components Flashcards

1
Q

Name the components making up the blood

A

Erythrocytes,
Leucocytes
platelets(Thrombocytes),
plasma with nutrients gases hormones and antibodies,

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2
Q

Where are blood cells made from

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

Name the types of WBC in the blood

A

Granular:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Agranular :
Lymphocyte
Monocyte

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4
Q

What are platelets ?

A

Small nuclear fragments of megakaryocyte cells in bone marrow
They have organelles
Play major role in blood clotting

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5
Q

How to identify a neutrophil on a slide

A

neutral granules on slides and multi lobed nucleus

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6
Q

Identify the blood component from this slide

A
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7
Q

How to identify a eosinophil on a slide

A

pink/orange granules with bi-lobed nucleus

much larger than RBC

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8
Q

How to identify a basophil on a slide

A

blue/purple granules with bi/tri-lobed nucleus

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9
Q

How to identify lymphocytes on a slide

A

Lymphocytes have very large nuclei (not lobed) and little cytoplasm; they are not much larger that RBCs

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10
Q

How to identify a monocyte on a slide

A

Monocytes have kidney bean shaped nuclei and no granules

twice the size of RBCs

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11
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Leave circulatory system in response to tissue damage

remove damage tissues and kill invading organisms via phagocytosis

increased in bacterial infection and inflammation

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12
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Elevated in allergic reactions and in parasitic infection

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13
Q

Basophil function

A

Phagocytosis

produce heparin(blood thinner) and histamine (increase permeability of capillaries)

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14
Q

Lymphocyte function

A

Make antibodies

increased in viral infection

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15
Q

Monocyte function

A

Phagocytosis

rarely elevated (usually in TB infections)

in tissue called macrophage

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16
Q

What things does a blood analysis tell us ?

A

Haematocrit (proportion of RBC)

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) rate at which RBC settle to bottom of test tube

total amount of Hb in blood

mean cell Hb (MCH)

mean cell volume (MCV)

mean cell Hb conc in a given vol of RBC (MCHC)

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17
Q

What can a high hematocrit tell us

A

Dehydration

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18
Q

What can a low hematocrit tell us

A

Anemia

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19
Q

What can low Hb levels tell is

A

Anemia or blood loss

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20
Q

What is a low WBC count called

what can this tell us

A

Leukopenia

bone marrow failure e.g. due to radiation

21
Q

What is a high number of WBCs called

what can be causing this

A

Leukocytosis

infection/inflammation/leukaemia

22
Q

What can blood tests tell us

A

Health of internal organs by detecting presence of proteins/enzymes liberated from dead tissue (necrosis)

blood counts - cells per volume, haematocrit, Hb per litre, MCV, mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) , MCHC

23
Q

How is acute inflammation shown in a blood test result

A

Increased concentrations of acute phase plasma proteins

fibringone

C reactive protein (CRP)

serum amyloid (SAA)

24
Q

Symptoms of acute inflammation

A

Fever

reduced appetite

increased fatigue

increased neutrophil production

25
Q

What is the ESR a measurement of ?

A

Conc of fibrinogen in the blood

26
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur

A

Initially in the yolk sac then embryonic liver and spleen

after birth, occurs in bone marrow

in healthy adults, restricted to proximal long bones, ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae

27
Q

What happens when haematopoiesis in the bone marrow is compromised in an adult ?

A

Enlargement of spleen and liver ; they attempt to take over the role of the bone marrow

this is called hepatosplenomegaly

28
Q

Desribe haematopoiesis

A

Multi potential hematopoietic stem cells → myeloid / lymphoid progenitor

myeloid progenitor → erythrocytes , granulocytic series (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils), and megakaryocytes which form platelets

lymphoid progenitor → T/B cells, natural killer cells

29
Q

What is a leukaemia

A

Malignancy of none marrow, more specifically caused by a malignancy of the immature haematopoietic cells

increased number of leucocytes in blood results

malignatn cells can either be myeloid or lymphoid

can be acute (aggressive) or chronic (causing little pain)

30
Q

What are the 4 types of leukaemia

A

Acute myeloid

acute lymphoid

chronic myeloid

chronic lymphoid

31
Q

Acute leukaemias are characterised by

A

Increased immature cells in bone marrow

short survival if untreated

bone marrow failure because normal production of cells is overwhelmed by rapidly growing malignant cells

32
Q

Clinical features of acute leukaemias

A

Reduced production of RBCs = anemia

  • breathlessness, dizziness, fatigue, paleness

reduced production of mature myeloid cells = susceptible to bacterial/fungal infection

low platelet count = bleeding

33
Q

What are the different plasma proteins and what are their functions

A

Albumins (transport of useful substances, colloidal osmotic pressure - keeps fluid in blood so doesn’t leak into tissue)

globulins - transport, clotting, precursor to hormones, defence agaisnt pathogens

fibrinogen plays a major role in clotting

34
Q

What is blood serum

A

Coagulated plasma

Liquid in blood without any proteins

35
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

36
Q

How is WBC production controlled

A

Colony stimulating factors act on stem cells in the neutrophil cell line of the bone marrow to cause and increase of WBC production

they are released by infected body cells

interleukins also play a role

37
Q

How to calculate mean corpuscular volume

A

Haematocrit/number of RBC per litre

38
Q

How to calculate mean corpuscular Hb

A

Hb(g per L)/RBC per L

39
Q

Mean corpuscular Hb concentration

A

Hb/haematocrit

40
Q

What is macrolytic anemia

A

Enlarged RBCs with impaired haem production

deficit of DNA synthesis

41
Q

What is microcytic anemia

A

Smaller than normal RBCs and insufficient Hb

42
Q

What do the suffixes -Philia , -Penia and -cytosis mean ?

A
  • philia = increased neutrophil count
  • penia = decreased neutrophil count
  • cytosis = increased count
43
Q

What does pancytopenia mean ?

A

Reduction in all cell counts

44
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

Bacterial / fungal infection

trauma

inflammation

45
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Viral/malarial infection

drugs

46
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis

A

Bacterial / viral infection

lymphoma (cancer of lymphatic system)

47
Q

Causes of lymphopenia

A

Inflammation

lymphoma

steroids

48
Q

What blood group is used as the universal donor for emergencies ?

A

O Rh negative

49
Q

Importance of rhesus antibodies in pregnancy

A

If mother and baby are not both +ve, haemolytic disease can occur

This can be prevented by giving mother anti-D immunisation

Immunology (8 decks)

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