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Nazi Germany - A Level Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany 1919-1963 Unit 2 > How successful was the Nazi Party in exerting control over Germany? > Flashcards

How successful was the Nazi Party in exerting control over Germany? Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 methods the Nazis used to control people in Germany:

A
  • Propaganda - films, posters, speeches, radios, newspapers etc.
  • Fear - concentration camps, SA, SS etc.
  • Books - book burnings, changing textbooks in schools etc.
  • Schools - Nazi teachers association.
  • Hitler Youth - became mandatory.
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2
Q

What does propaganda mean?

A

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

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3
Q

What does Volksgemeinschaft mean?

A

People’s/national community.

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4
Q

Considerable resources were directed towards the development of the propaganda machine in order to achieve what aims?

A
  • Glorify the regime.
  • Spread the Nazi ideology and values (alongside censor the unacceptable).
  • Win over the people and to integrate the nation’s diverse elements into the Volksgemeinschaft.
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5
Q

Can you identify common themes amongst the posters?

A

German people uniting and idolising/glorifying Hitler.

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6
Q

Which groups do the Nazis target in posters and why?

A
  • Jewish people ~ anti-semitism.
  • Children ~ Thousand Year Reich.
  • Poor people and workers ~ uneducated and easy to persuade.
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7
Q

How effective do you think propaganda posters would be at controlling people in Germany?

A

Very effective because it spreads Nazi ideologies and propaganda.

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8
Q

Why were radios used as propaganda and how?

A
  • Creation of the Reich Radio Company ~ all broadcasting = under Nazi control.
  • Goebbels arranged the dismissal of 13% of the staff on political and racial grounds ~ replaced them with his own men.
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9
Q

How successful were radios?

A

1932 = 25% of German households owned a wireless ~ cheap set made by Nazis = People’s Receiver (Volksempfanger) ~ 1939 = 70% of German houses had a radio.

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10
Q

How did more people having radios help the Nazis exert control?

A

They became a medium of mass communication controlled completely by the regime and broadcasting was also directed at public places.

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11
Q

What was the People’s Receiver (Volksempfanger)?

A

A production of a cheap set of radios.

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12
Q

Why was control of the press not easily achieved by Goebbels?

A

Germany = over 4700 daily newspapers in 1933 - all owned privately and traditionally owned no loyalty central government.

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13
Q

What measures were taken to achieve Nazi control of the press?

A
  • Eher Verlag brought numerous newspapers ~ by 1939 it controlled two-thirds of the German press.
  • Various new agencies were merged into one, the state-controlled DNB ~ vetted news material before it got to journalists.
  • Goebbels introduced a daily press conference at the Propaganda Ministery ~ provided guidance on editorial policy.
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14
Q

What did the Editors’ Law in October 1933 do? (press)

A

Made newspaper content the sole responsibility of the editor ~ had to satisfy the requirements of the Propaganda Ministry or face the appropriate consequences.

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15
Q

What was the Eher Verlag?

A

The Nazi publishing house.

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16
Q

How successful was control of the press?

A
  • Frankfurter Zeitung (internationally renowned) = forced to close (1943).
  • Völkischer Beobachter = 1.7 million by 1944 ~ growing.
  • 10% decline in newspaper circulation before 1939.
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17
Q

What was the Völkischer Beobachter? (press)

A

Nazi Party’s official newspaper.

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18
Q

When was the Berlin Olympics?

A

1936

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19
Q

What were the aims of Goebbels and Hitler at the Berlin Olympics?

A
  • Glorify the regime.
  • Try to spread Nazi ideological themes.
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20
Q

How did the Nazi government prepare for the Berlin Olympics?

A
  • Could seat 110,000 spectators.
  • 42 million+ Reichsmarks = spent on 325-acre.
  • Radio - 20 transmitting vans and 300 microphones = put at disposal of the foreign media ~ 28 different languages.
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21
Q

How was the Berlin Olympics filmed and why was this significant?

A
  • 33 camera operators and shot over a million feet of film ~ four hour film - Olympia ~ released in two parts beginning in April 1938.
  • Broadcasts of the games were made ~ seen by 150,000 people in 28 public television rooms in Berlin.
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22
Q

How successful were the Berlin Olympics of 1936?

A
  • Athlete Siegfried Eifrig lighting the torch at the start of the games ~ emphasised the Nazi ideal of the tall, athletic, blue-eyed Aryan race.
  • Gained 89 medals.
  • Gained praise for their excellent management and impressive spectacle.
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23
Q

How many of Germany’s writers left their homeland during the years 1933-1945?

What did this lead to?

A
  • 2,500
  • Lesser literacy group took their place who either sympathised with the regime or accepted the limitations.
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24
Q

What did Goebbels’ recognition of the importance of expanding the film industry lead to?

A

Out of 1097 featured films produced between 1933 and 1945, only 96 were specifically at the request of the Propaganda Ministry.

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25
Q

What three types can the films be divided into?

A
  • Overt propaganda.
  • Pure escapism.
  • Emotive nationalism.
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26
Q

What is an example of Overt propaganda in film?

A
  • The Eternal Jew (Ewige Jude) - a tasteless, racist film that portrayed Jews as rats and
  • Hitlerjunge Queux - based on the story of a Nazi murdered by communists.
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27
Q

What is an example of Pure escapism in film?

A

The Adventures of Baron von Munchhausen - comedy based on an old German legend which gives the baron the powers of immortality.

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28
Q

What is an example of Emotive nationalism in film?

A
  • Olympia (docu-drama of the Berlin Olympics).
  • Triumph of the Will (about 1934 Nuremberg rally).
  • Kolberg (an epic produced in the last year of the war).
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29
Q

What does Coercion mean?

A

Force people to do something.

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30
Q

What does Denunciation mean?

A

Spying on people.

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31
Q

How did the Terror State operate?

A
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32
Q

How did Courts help the Nazis maintain control?

A
  • Judiciary was biased towards the Nazis.
  • Judges and lawyers were obliged to join the Nazi lawyer association and make the oath.

-The judiciary was not immune from Nazi interference.

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33
Q

Who was targeted by Courts?

A

Oppositions were targeted in cases of high treason ~ jury = specifically composed of Nazis ~ 7000 out of 16000 cases = death sentences

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34
Q

What were the limits of Courts’ impact?

A
  • Regime could’ve been seen as corrupt.
  • Judiciary state continues to function was severely subverted.
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35
Q

How effective were Courts?

A

Extremely effective - able to control the court system fully but was barely needed due to the SS.

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36
Q

How did the SS help the Nazis maintain control?

A
  • Formed in 1925 as an elite bodyguard service for Hitler.
  • By 1933, its members totalled 52,000.
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37
Q

Who was targeted by the SS?

A

Opposition.

38
Q

What were the limits of the SS’ impact?

A
  • Himmler = leader in 1929 ~ diverted Hitler’s control of SS.
  • Himmler = enough power to create SD ~ demonstrating another person in a position of power.
39
Q

How effective were the SS?

A

Full control over every corner of Germany.

40
Q

How did Gestapo help the Nazis maintain control?

A
  • Ordinary people pressured to inform on their neighbours.
  • Presented itself as all-seeing.
41
Q

How many members were in the Gestapo?

A

20,000-40,000 members.

42
Q

Who was targeted by the Gestapo?

A

Jewish, Socialists, Political opponents and Religious dissenters.

43
Q

What were the limits of the Gestapo’s impact?

A
  • Most members = office workers ~ relied on informers ~ unable to ‘impose a regime of terror’.
  • Only 40,000 agents.
  • A lot of what informers reported was just ‘gossip’.
44
Q

How effective were the Gestapo?

A

Very effective - could overhear people’s conversations without being caught ~ Hitler knew everything ~ complete control of people.

45
Q

How did Concentration Camps help the Nazis maintain control?

A

Opposition and threats could be removed by sending them to Concentration Camps.

46
Q

Who was targeted by Concentration Camps?

A
  • Opposition.
  • Marginalised people.
47
Q

What were the limits of Concentration Camps’ impact?

A

Could be seen as corrupt ~ threat to support.

48
Q

How effective were Concentration Camps?

A

Effective at silencing opposition and creating fear.

49
Q

What were the Nazis aims for the Church?

A
  • Control over existing churches.
  • Weaken hold of traditional Christianity.
  • Replace Christianity with a new Nazi religion.
50
Q

In 1933 how many German Christians were Protestant?

A

2/3

51
Q

In 1933 how many German Christians were Catholic?

A

1/3

52
Q

What were the 1939 census results/which religion was bigger?

A
  • 1,944,000 Roman Catholics.
  • 42,636,000 Protestants = biggest.
  • 1,208,000 Without belief.
  • 2,746,000 Neo-pagan.
53
Q

Which Church did the Nazis target more and why?

A

Protestant ~ more people in Germany were Protestant, Protestant Church has no leader.

54
Q

What was the aim of the establishment of the Reich Church in 1933?

A
  • Bring all Protestant Churches under Nazi control.
  • Attempt to combine all Protestants within one structure.
55
Q

What was the Confessional Church and how did it oppose the Nazis’ aim to control the Church?

A

Set up by over 100 Pastors to preserve the independence of Protestantism.

56
Q

What did the requirement of Pastors to swear Oath of Loyalty to Hitler and when two Pastors arrested lead to?

A

Public outcry.

57
Q

Why was the Catholic Church harder to control?

A

Pope.

58
Q

How did the Pope initially cooperate?

A

Agreed to disband Centre Party.

59
Q

What did the July 1933 Concordat do and what was it?

A

Pope recognised new regime and Regime promised not to interfere with Church – kept educational institutions, youth groups and other communal facilities.

60
Q

How was the Concordat of July 1933 not adhered to by the Nazis?

A

1936 Catholic youth groups disbanded and parents pressured to send children to state schools ~ 1935 = 65% at denominational schools. 5% by 1937.

61
Q

How many Priests were accused of financial and sexual misbehaviour and what did this lead to?

A

200 ~ show trial ensued and some monasteries closed down.

62
Q

How was the Concordat of July 1933 not adhered to by Pope Pius XI and what did this lead to?

A
  • Pope Pius XI became disillusioned and issued ‘With Burning Grief’ - outspoken attack on Nazism ~ Pope Pius XII elected.
63
Q

When was Pope Pius XII elected and how did this help the Nazis?

A

March 1939 ~ didn’t condemn Nazism – just Communism. No comment on Anti-Semitism. Refused to excommunicate those who were involved in genocide.

64
Q

When did the Nazi Party launch a ‘Church Secession Campaign’ to encourage Germans to abandon their Churches and how did it influence Germans?

A

Mid 1930s.

1937 = over 100,000 Christians left the Church.
1939 = 3.5 million Germans = members of neo-pagan movement.

65
Q

What were the similarities between the different groups of opposition?

A

Army and Youth group = most were executed.

66
Q

Why were these groups able to oppose when others weren’t?

A

Status, money, connections.

67
Q

How was opposition punished?

A

Execution or being sent to concentration camps.

68
Q

How effective was opposition to the Nazis and why?

A

Not very effective ~ all assassination attempts didn’t work and most were executed.

69
Q

Why were most religious people sent to concentration camps instead of being executed?

A

If they were executed they would be seen as martyrs.

70
Q

How did Pastor Dietrich Bonhoffer oppose the Nazis and what happened to him?

A

Criticised Nazism ~ tried to get help for resistance abroad ~ executed April 1945.

71
Q

How did the White Rose group from 1941-1943 oppose the Nazis and what happened?

A
  • Leaflets dropped at universities about Euthanasia Programme and atrocities on the eastern front.
  • Arrested ~ leaders Hans and Sophie Scholl = executed.
72
Q

Who were the leaders of the White Rose group of 1941-1943?

A

Hans and Sophie Scholl.

73
Q

Who were suspicious of Hitler and the Nazis in the army?

A

Aristocratic leaders.

74
Q

How did the German Military intelligence organisation (Headed by Admiral Canaris) of 1935 oppose the Nazis and what happened?

A
  • Tolerated resistance activities and helped Jews escape Germany ~ 1944 this was absorbed into SS and the opposition was shut down.
75
Q

Why did General Ludwig Beck oppose Hitler and what did this lead to?

A

Opposed Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia - involved in the July Bomb plot ~ shot 1944.

76
Q

What did Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg attempt to do in 1944 and why did this fail?

A

Assassinate Hitler ~ Hitler = only injured.

77
Q

How did General Hans Oster oppose Hitler and what happened to him?

A

Advised British government to stand against Hitler ~ sent Britain some of Germany’s military plans ~ died in concentration camp.

78
Q

How did the Government and the Civil Service oppose Hitler in June 1954?

A

Von Papen speech pleaded for greater freedom.

79
Q

How did Julius Leber (government and the Civil Service) oppose Hitler in 1933?

A

(Leader of the SPD)
Arrested 1933 ~ sent to a concentration camp until 1937.
Joined the Kreisau Circle ~ betrayed by a German spy and hanged in 1945.

80
Q

How did Judiciary oppose Hitler and what did this lead to?

A

Some judges tried to keep proper standards of justice ~ judges were ‘co-ordinated’ and obliged to join the Nazi Lawyers’ Association and make Oaths of Loyalty to Hitler.

81
Q

In 1933-35 how many workers went on strike?

A

400.

82
Q

What did some workers do to oppose the Nazis and how did this lead to the replacement of unions with who in May 1933?

A
  • Maintained links with illegal political parties.
  • May 1933 - German Labour Front (DAF) = announced as new nationwide labour organisation to replace the unions ~ no legal organisations that could be used for opposition.
83
Q

How did Left Wing parties oppose the Nazis?

A

Continued some illegal activities.

84
Q

What did the SPD do to oppose the Nazis and what did this result in in July 1935?

A

Organised underground groups who distributed leaflets and propaganda campaigns e.g. Berlin Red Patrol ~ July 1935 all political parties were banned.

85
Q

How did the KPD oppose the Nazis and how many of their members were arrested?

A

Formed underground cells ~ 2/3 of their members were arrested.

86
Q

When the Kreisau circle come together in 1933 to oppose Hitler, what did they do?

A

Drew up a plan for a new Germany called the Basic Principles for a New Order.

87
Q

How were the Kreisau circle caught?

A

Mass round up of suspects after July 1944 Bomb Plot ~ torture of these suspects ~ Gestapo gained the names of many plotters or supposed plotters – including men in the Kreisau Circle.

88
Q

What did the mass round up of suspects after the July 1944 Bomb Plot and the torture of these suspects lead to?

A

The Gestapo gaining the names of many plotters or supposed plotters – including men in the Kreisau Circle.

89
Q

What happened to Yorck von Wartenburg?

A

Arrested as part of the July Bomb Plot ~ tried ~ found guilty and executed in August 1944.

90
Q

What happened to Von Moltke?

A

Already been arrested (January 1944) and tried before the People’s Court ~ found guilty of treason, he was executed in January 1945.

91
Q

How did the Government and the Civil Service oppose Hitler in August 1935?

A

Schat spoke out against Anti-Semitic violence. Some government officials maintained contact with opponents.

Nazi Germany - A Level Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany 1919-1963 Unit 2 (5 decks)

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