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British experience of warfare c1790-1918 > How significant was the impact of the French Wars on the British economy? > Flashcards

How significant was the impact of the French Wars on the British economy? Flashcards

1
Q

What became a priority for governments after the French revolution of 1789?

A

Social order, they feared unrest in changing times.

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2
Q

What were signs that the British government was becoming more restrictive in its attitudes towards the poor and labour?

A

1799 and 1800 Combination Acts, Suppression of machine breaking or ‘Luddism’

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3
Q

1799 and 1800 Combination Acts

A

Outlawed trade unions

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4
Q

Why was ‘machine breaking’ or ‘Luddism’ suppressed?

A

Protests against industrial change were seen as offences against private property

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5
Q

What put great strain on the British economy?

A

Wars lasting more or less continuously for over 20 years.

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6
Q

When was the first income tax imposed and by who?

A

1799 by PM William Pitt

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7
Q

What did economists such was Malthus (1789) fear? (groundless fears)

A

That Britains rising population would increase more rapidly than food supplies leading to mass starvation.

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8
Q

What did Britains own blockade in Europe and on the high seas do?

A

Stopped neutral ships as well as effectively shutting off key French ports. Trade was a key weapon.

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9
Q

Order in Council

A

Issued by George III and his ministers in 1807, aimed not just at countries allied to Napoleon by any that tried to exclude British business

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10
Q

Despite the cost of war, what happened to Britains economy?

A

It survived and grew, able to trade worldwide due to navy and stay at war (unlike Austria, Prussia and Russia)

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11
Q

Why did Napoleons Continental System from 1807 fail?

A

Smugglers and neutral merchants continued to carry goods across the Channel and the French suffered more.

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12
Q

What did Britains retaliatory measures against France in their economic war cause?

A

war with the USA due to the Navy boarding and searching any ship to France

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13
Q

What did Americans do that led to war in 1812 with Britain?

A

USA banned British trade, hurting Americans more, it was a pointless distraction for Britain until it ended in 1814

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14
Q

What happened to the value of British exports during the wars?

A

Overall they rose

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15
Q

What happened to exports to Europe between the 1790s and the end of the war?

A

almost doubled

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16
Q

What did the French start to allow, after the trade war had eased by 1812?

A

legal importation of British colonial items such as cotton, sugar and tea.

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17
Q

What experienced a financial squeeze?

A

private spending and household incomes

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18
Q

What were wages like between 1796 and 1814?

A

Stagnated

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19
Q

How much did the Seven years war (1756-63) cost Britain?

A

£160 million

20
Q

How much did the French wars (1793-1815) cost Britain?

A

£1,600 million

21
Q

How did Britain finance their wars?

A

Borrowing

22
Q

What did the Corn Laws of 1815 do?

A

protected home wheat-growers from cheap foreign imports.

23
Q

What did the Corn Laws provoke?

A

fierce post-war arguments between protectionists and advocates of free trade

24
Q

Parliamentary Enclosure Acts

A

consolidated small landholdings into larger more efficient farms

25
Q

How many acts similar to the Parliamentary Enclosure Acts were there between 1760 and 1820?

A

3000

26
Q

Why did small farmers become landless labourers?

A

Small farms were absorbed by large landowners

27
Q

What effect did enclosures have?

A

Resentment among the poor but boosted output

28
Q

What boosted farming output?

A

Enclosures and draining wetlands

29
Q

Why did British farms had to produce more food during wars?

A

To make up for a reduction of imports caused by wartime restrictions on trade.

30
Q

How much did imports fall between 1807 to 1808?

A

114,000 tons to 14,000

31
Q

What shortages threatened the war effort and why was this?

A

Timber for shipbuilding because the ancient royal oak forests has been neglected due to landowners planting wheat instead of trees.

32
Q

Why did Pitt and Melville reverse St Vincent’s reforms in 1804?

A

to appease merchants

33
Q

How many cotton spinning mills were there across Britain by 1818?

A

337

34
Q

What innovations took place during the French wars?

A

Industrial lathe by Henry Maudslay (1797) and improved power loom by William Horrocks (1813)

35
Q

What boomed in British industry during the French wars

A

Textiles and Iron making

36
Q

What wartime construction project was the government directly involved in?

A

Martello towers

37
Q

Martello towers

A

1805-8, small coastal forts built along the southern and eastern coasts of england against threat of french invasion.

38
Q

Martello towers

A

1805-8, small coastal forts built along the southern and eastern coasts of england against threat of french invasion.

39
Q

What was Machine-breaking caused by?

A

fear held by skilled workers as traditional craft jobs disappeared

40
Q

Where did Luddism (named after Ned Ludam) flare?

A

Nottinghamshire in 1811, spreading to Yorkshire and Lancashire among textile workers fearful of mechanisation.

41
Q

How did the government respond to Luddism?

A

sending troops to keep peace and bringing new laws to prevent trade unions

42
Q

When did the government suspend habeas corpus?

A

1794

43
Q

When did the breaking of machines become a capital offence?

A

1812

44
Q

When were 17 Luddite’s hung?

A

1813

45
Q

What new vein of political radicalism emerged after the war?

A

March of the Blanketeers in 1817

46
Q

What did ideals of the French Revolution influence?

A

Industrialists like Robert Owen and reform (abolition of slave trade)

47
Q

Who campaigned for the abolition of the slave trade?

A

Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce

British experience of warfare c1790-1918 (10 decks)

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