How it prevents and fights foreign invaders Flashcards
What are the 2 defense systems?
Innate system (everyday military)
Adaptive (special forces)
What do viruses do?
Invade cells and replicate by taking over cellular machinery to create new viruses
Fungi description?
Not a plant or an animal
Break down a hosts cells and absorbs nutrients
Ex: valley fever , athletes foot
Bacteria description
Single celled organism
Release toxins that damage hosts cells
Ex: e-coli, anthrax, pneumonia
Parasites description
Single or multicellular organisms
Extract nutrient from host
Ex: tapeworms
Innate defense description
Present at birth
Respond to ALL foreign substances
First line of defense for innate defense?
Surface barriors
Second line of defense for innate defense?
Internal defenses
Ex: Phagocytes, inflammation, fever
What are the surface barriors for innate defense?
Skin
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Genitourinary tract
Skin (innate defense)
Physical barrier
Acidic secretions
Anal and mouth sphincters
Respiratory tract (innate defense)
Mucus
Cilia
Digestive tract (innate defense)
HCL
Digestive enzymes
Genitourinary tract (innate defense)
Acidity of urine
Pussy secretions
What does a non specific defense cell mean?
Means they respond to wide variety of pathogens
All perform phagocytosis
What are the names of the non specific defense cells?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Macrophage description
Differenciate from monocytes
Migrate to tissues to clean up pathogens or cell debris
Release interferons
Antimicrobial chemicals
Part of Innate defense
Interferons
Complement proteins
What are interferons?
Proteins released by lymphocytes and macrophages induce viral resistance in healthy cells
What are compliment proteins?
Collection of plasma proteins that create holes in cell membrane
Causes cell to take in water and buuuussstttt
How does a fever start?
Leukocytes secrete pyrogens
Act on hypothalamus to increase body temp lol
Why are fevers effective?
Creates unfavorable environment for pathogens
Stops liver from releasing stuff
Increases metabolic rate of tissue cells for repair
Inflammatory response descriptio
Part of innate defense
Happens when body cells are injured by something physically, chemical irritation, or pathogenic infection
Steps of inflammatory response
- Injury occurs
- Macrophages ingest foreign matter
- Dilation and increased permeability of capillary
- Containment of bacteria and foreign matter
- Luekocyte proliferation and migration
- Continued recruitment of of leukocytes
Step 2 of inflammatory response
Phagocytosis
Macrophages release cytokins to attract more leukocytes
Step 3 of inflammatory response
Dilation and increased permeability of capillary
Histamine released from basophils which causes vasodilaiton and attracts leukocytes, proteins, and fluids to area
Causes pain, swelling, fever
Step 4 of inflammatory response
Containment of bacteria and foreign matter
Heparin released from basophils to prevent blood clotting
Clotting proteins from blood wall off damaged area and foreign matter creating a scab
Step 5 of inflammatory response
Leukocyte proliferation and migration
Neutrophils and macrophages migrate to the area
Phagocytosis of contained debris and pathogens
Dead leukocytes, microbes, and damaged cells create pus
Step 6 of inflammatory response
Continued recruitment of leukocytes
Neutrophils and macrophages continue to clear the infection by engulfing debris and pathogens
Tissue healing begins deep to scab
What are the types of acquired immunity?
Humoral
Cellular
Humoral immunity description
B lymphocytes create antibodies
May be passive or active
Cellular immunity description
T lymphocytes seek and destroy antigens, tumor cells, infected body cells
How does specific immunity work?
Body must recognize self and non self
Antigens in specific immunity
Substances that are not normally in the body and initiate an immune response
On surface of foreign invaders and pathogens
Free floating in liquids
Antibodies in specific immunity
Y shaped proteins
Produced by activated B lymphocytes in response to antigen
What is the variable region?
An antigen binding site with single specificity
Most common type of antibodies
IgG
Neutralizes antigen
Antibody found in breastmilk
IgA
Neutralizes antigens
What does neutralization do?
Masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins ; viruses