How it prevents and fights foreign invaders

Question 1

What are the 2 defense systems?

Answer 1

Innate system (everyday military)
Adaptive (special forces)

Question 2

What do viruses do?

Answer 2

Invade cells and replicate by taking over cellular machinery to create new viruses

Question 3

Fungi description?

Answer 3

Not a plant or an animal
Break down a hosts cells and absorbs nutrients
Ex: valley fever , athletes foot

Question 4

Bacteria description

Answer 4

Single celled organism
Release toxins that damage hosts cells
Ex: e-coli, anthrax, pneumonia

Question 5

Parasites description

Answer 5

Single or multicellular organisms
Extract nutrient from host
Ex: tapeworms

Question 6

Innate defense description

Answer 6

Present at birth
Respond to ALL foreign substances

Question 7

First line of defense for innate defense?

Answer 7

Surface barriors

Question 8

Second line of defense for innate defense?

Answer 8

Internal defenses
Ex: Phagocytes, inflammation, fever

Question 9

What are the surface barriors for innate defense?

Answer 9

Skin
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Genitourinary tract

Question 10

Skin (innate defense)

Answer 10

Physical barrier
Acidic secretions
Anal and mouth sphincters

Question 11

Respiratory tract (innate defense)

Answer 11

Mucus
Cilia

Question 12

Digestive tract (innate defense)

Answer 12

HCL
Digestive enzymes

Question 13

Genitourinary tract (innate defense)

Answer 13

Acidity of urine
Pussy secretions

Question 14

What does a non specific defense cell mean?

Answer 14

Means they respond to wide variety of pathogens
All perform phagocytosis

Question 15

What are the names of the non specific defense cells?

Answer 15

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages

Question 16

Macrophage description

Answer 16

Differenciate from monocytes
Migrate to tissues to clean up pathogens or cell debris
Release interferons

Question 17

Antimicrobial chemicals

Answer 17

Part of Innate defense
Interferons
Complement proteins

Question 18

What are interferons?

Answer 18

Proteins released by lymphocytes and macrophages induce viral resistance in healthy cells

Question 19

What are compliment proteins?

Answer 19

Collection of plasma proteins that create holes in cell membrane
Causes cell to take in water and buuuussstttt

Question 20

How does a fever start?

Answer 20

Leukocytes secrete pyrogens
Act on hypothalamus to increase body temp lol

Question 21

Why are fevers effective?

Answer 21

Creates unfavorable environment for pathogens
Stops liver from releasing stuff
Increases metabolic rate of tissue cells for repair

Question 22

Inflammatory response descriptio

Answer 22

Part of innate defense
Happens when body cells are injured by something physically, chemical irritation, or pathogenic infection

Question 23

Steps of inflammatory response

Answer 23

1. Injury occurs
2. Macrophages ingest foreign matter
3. Dilation and increased permeability of capillary
4. Containment of bacteria and foreign matter
5. Luekocyte proliferation and migration
6. Continued recruitment of of leukocytes

Question 24

Step 2 of inflammatory response

Answer 24

Phagocytosis
Macrophages release cytokins to attract more leukocytes

Question 25

Step 3 of inflammatory response

Answer 25

Dilation and increased permeability of capillary Histamine released from basophils which causes vasodilaiton and attracts leukocytes, proteins, and fluids to area Causes pain, swelling, fever

Question 26

Step 4 of inflammatory response

Answer 26

Containment of bacteria and foreign matter Heparin released from basophils to prevent blood clotting Clotting proteins from blood wall off damaged area and foreign matter creating a scab

Question 27

Step 5 of inflammatory response

Answer 27

Leukocyte proliferation and migration Neutrophils and macrophages migrate to the area Phagocytosis of contained debris and pathogens Dead leukocytes, microbes, and damaged cells create pus

Question 28

Step 6 of inflammatory response

Answer 28

Continued recruitment of leukocytes Neutrophils and macrophages continue to clear the infection by engulfing debris and pathogens Tissue healing begins deep to scab

Question 29

What are the types of acquired immunity?

Answer 29

Humoral Cellular

Question 30

Humoral immunity description

Answer 30

B lymphocytes create antibodies May be passive or active

Question 31

Cellular immunity description

Answer 31

T lymphocytes seek and destroy antigens, tumor cells, infected body cells

Question 32

How does specific immunity work?

Answer 32

Body must recognize self and non self

Question 33

Antigens in specific immunity

Answer 33

Substances that are not normally in the body and initiate an immune response On surface of foreign invaders and pathogens Free floating in liquids

Question 34

Antibodies in specific immunity

Answer 34

Y shaped proteins Produced by activated B lymphocytes in response to antigen

Question 35

What is the variable region?

Answer 35

An antigen binding site with single specificity

Question 36

Most common type of antibodies

Answer 36

IgG Neutralizes antigen

Question 37

Antibody found in breastmilk

Answer 37

IgA Neutralizes antigens

Question 38

What does neutralization do?

Answer 38

Masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins ; viruses