How Far Did Other Minority Groups Achieve Civil Rights From 1960-80? Flashcards
Native Indians and the BIA
Didn’t trust the Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as it shifted between breaking up or supporting tribal resilience
Break up culture and customs
Seen as instrumental in wman oppression, reputation of corruption
AIM vs NCAI
American Indian Movt- more radical, anti federal stance, younger founders, ‘Red Power’, focus on culture
National Congress of American Indians- worked with the system
Nixon’s actions for Native Americans (+)
Rejected termination and forced assimilation
Advisors spoke to tribal leaders
1972 Indian education act (funds for tribal schools)
1974 Indian Financing Act (lent tribes funding)
1975 Indian Self Determination Act (kept BIA but contracted out services such as health and education)
Hispanic Americans and Bracero programme
Mexican immigration programme run by US govt
Issues of Hispanic Americans
Land border of USA and Mexico
Workers rights and exploitation
Discrimination and deportation
Cesar Chavez
Fought non violent campaign for farm workers rights: focus of working conditions
Established workers unions, strikes, marches and protests
Reuis Lopez Tijerina
Organised protests about Mexican land rights in New Mexico
Marches, mass demonstrations and campins, signed agreement with Black Power Leaders
Rodolfo Gonzales
Focus on race, favoured radical methods, established Crusade for Justice
Brown Berets
Activation of Hispanics in politics, anti police brutality, young militant group
Gains of Hispanic Americans
1954 SCourt rule as equal citizens
1966 Cuban Adjustment Act: Cubans of 1 year residency were permanent
Educational rights through limited English proficient
74: equal opportunities act
75: Voting Rights Act
Limitations of Hispanic Americans
Civ rights campaign didn’t produce changes
Land issues not settled
Levels of change varied from place to place
Homosexuality pre 60s
Viewed as ‘invisible disease’ (made people fearful, like communists)
Not part of visible racial group
Persecution of homosexualities
1950s: congress name as mental illness
‘Lavender Scare’ runs parallel to ‘Red Scare’
Not de criminalised entirely until 2003
Challenge to illegality of homosexuality in every state, use HR law and 1964 no discrimination for race or gender should apply
Stonewall Inn Incident
1969 Police Raid on NY gay bare turns violent
Turning point as the ability to gather sizeable protest march
Formed the gay rights movement
Expansion of the Gay Rights movt in 60s and 70s
Gay Liberation Front- many joined/ set up own groups
Predominantly liberal era
1977 polls: 50% believed in gay rights
San Fran, NY, Chicago