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Drugs and Behavior > How Drugs Work in the Body and Mind > Flashcards

How Drugs Work in the Body and Mind Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two manners of use with psychoactive drugs?

A

Instrumental and Recreational

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1
Q

What are Psychoactive Drugs?

A

Drugs that alter mood, perception, and behavior by acting in the nervous system. (i.e. cocaine, LSD, marijuana, alcohol, nicotine etc…)

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2
Q

What is a drug generic name?

A

Name given to specify chemical structure and similarities to other drugs.

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3
Q

What is a drug trade name?

A

Name given to a drug for marketing purposes.

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4
Q

What is a drug street name?

A

Name given to a drug by those who use, sell or make recreational drugs.

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5
Q

What is Pharmacodynamics?

A

How drugs cause biological changes in the body.

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6
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

How drugs move throughout the body.

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7
Q

What is Pharmacogenetics?

A

How genetic differences influence a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics which provide the basis for differences in drug response between individuals.

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8
Q

What is the route of administration of a drug?

A

How drugs enter the body.

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9
Q

What are the four principles of general pharmacology (pharmacokinetics)?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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10
Q

What are the 8 ways a drug can enter the body?

A 
Oral
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Inhalation
Sublingual
Transdermal
Nasal and Mucosal Membrane
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11
Q

What is Distribution?

A

The passage of a drug through the body.

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12
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Ability of a drug to reach the site of action.

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13
Q

Bioavailability depends on a being able to cross what barrier?

A

The blood-brain barrier.

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14
Q

What is Drug Metabolism?

A

Process of converting drugs into metabolites.

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15
Q

Where does most drug metabolism happen in the body?

A

The Liver

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16
Q

Which enzymes effect the metabolism of drugs?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP-1, CYP-2 and CYP-3)

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17
Q

Polymorphisms leads to poor metabolizers called?

A

Ultra-rapid Metabolizers

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18
Q

Which method of absorption is the fastest?

A

Intravenous

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19
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

A biologically inactive compound that can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug.

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20
Q

Metabolism of a prodrug leads to the production of?

A

Active metabolites

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21
Q

What are three characteristics of Active transport?

A
  1. Water Soluble
  2. Fast uptake
  3. Fast elimination
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22
Q

What are three characteristics of Passive Transport?

A
  1. Fat Soluble
  2. Slow uptake
  3. Slow elimination
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23
Q

What is drug elimination?

A

Process by which a drug leaves the body.

24
Q

What are five ways the body uses to eliminate a drug?

A 
Urine
Feces
Sweat
Saliva
Breath
25
Q

What is Elimination Rate?

A

The amount of drug eliminated from the body over time. Typically occurs in half-lives.

26
Q

What are two reasons an Elimination Rate is used?

A
  1. To determine how frequently patients should tae a medication.
  2. To produce a steady state in the patients body.
27
Q

What is a main reason half-lives are used?

A

To determine when later administrations of a drug should be given.

28
Q

Most psychoactive drugs action occurs where?

A

At the synapses

29
Q

What are four ways psychoactive drugs can alter the different states of neurotransmission?

A
  1. Action potentials
  2. Neurotransmitter synthesis and storage
  3. Neurotransmitter binding to a receptor
  4. Neurotransmitter metabolism and re-uptake
30
Q

Four forms of acute drug interactions are?

A
  1. Additive interaction
  2. Hyperadditive (synergistic) interaction
  3. Potentiation (a special kind of synergism
  4. Antagonistic interactions
31
Q

Four forms of individual interactions are?

A
  1. Gender
  2. Age
  3. Body weight
  4. Ethnic variability
32
Q

Most psychoactive drugs act on receptors for?

A

Neurotransmitters

33
Q

What is Binding Affinity?

A

A drugs strength to bind to a receptor.

34
Q

What is receptor efficacy?

A

A drugs ability to alter the activity of a receptor.

35
Q

What is a dissociation constant?

A

A drugs concentration necessary for receptor binding.

36
Q

What is an Agonist?

A

It fully activates a receptor?

37
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A

It fails to activate a receptor.

38
Q

What is a Partial Agonist?

A

It weakly activates a receptor.

39
Q

What is a inverse Agonist?

A

It reduces a receptors constitutive activity.

40
Q

What is a competitive antagonist?

A

It binds to the same site as a neurotransmitter. It prevents a neurotransmitter from binding to a receptor.

41
Q

What is a Non-competitive antagonist?

A

It binds to the active site of the receptor or allosteric site of the receptor. It prevents a neurotransmitter from activating a receptor.

42
Q

Negative or positive modulators bind to sites distant from the neurotransmitter site called?

A

Allosteric sites.

43
Q

What increases the ability of a neurotransmitter to bind to and activate receptors?

A

Positive modulators

44
Q

What decreases the ability of a neurotransmitter to bind to and activate a receptor?

A

A negative modulator

45
Q

What is chronic drug use?

A

Repeated use of a drug typically on a daily basis.

46
Q

Three unique features of chronic drug use?

A

Tolerance
Sensitization
Dependence

47
Q

What is Tolerance?

A

The adaption to a drugs effects. Usually requires the user to take greater doses of a drug to achieve same drug effects as before.

48
Q

Three forms of Tolerance?

A
  1. Pharmacokinetic - reduced amount of drug reaches site of action.
  2. Pharmacodynamic - reduced responsiveness at drugs site of action.
  3. Behavioral - decreased behavioral response.
49
Q

What is Cross Tolerance?

A

The tolerance effects for a drug carry over to other drugs with similar biological actions.

50
Q

What is the increased responsiveness to a drug’s effects?

A

Sensitization

51
Q

What is it called when a user needs a drug to function normally?

A

Dependence

52
Q

Physical withdrawal symptoms such as dizziness and nausea are characteristic of?

A

Physical Dependence

53
Q

Psychological withdrawal symptoms such as drug cravings and changes in mood are characteristic of?

A

Psychological dependence

54
Q

Withdrawal symptoms result from?

A

Compensatory adaptive changes. i.e. your body is trying to compensate and adapt to the changes in the body due to a drug no longer being in the system.

55
Q

A chronic heroin addict can be overdosed when taking a normal dose of the drug when a significant change of _______ is made.

A

Environment

56
Q

Protective factors for drug taking behavior include:

A
  • Intact home environment
  • Positive educational experience
  • Conventional peer relationships
57
Q

Risk factors of drug taking behavior in adolescence include:

A
  • Tendency toward nonconformity within society

- Influence of drug using peers.

Drugs and Behavior (2 decks)

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