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Psych 351D final > How Does the Brain Think > Flashcards

How Does the Brain Think Flashcards

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1
Q

ideas that result from a set of impressions

- mental processes such as thought, language. memory emotion, and motivation

A

Psychological constructs

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2
Q

it is ______ to localize constructs in the brain

A

difficult

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3
Q

Act or process of knowings or coming to know

A

cognition

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4
Q

for behavioural neuroscientists, cognition usually entails?

A

the ability to pay attention to stimuli, to identify stimuli, and to plan meaningful responses to them

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5
Q

______ gives humans an edge in thinking and provides a means of organizing time and a way to categorize info

A

language

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6
Q

language has syntax, which is?

A
  • sets of rules for putting words together form meaningful utterances
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7
Q

is proposed to be a unique characteristic of human language

A

syntax (gives us more flexibility to talk about things in abstract ways)

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8
Q

syntax allows humans to?

A

have language that moves beyond the concrete world and now

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9
Q

what may have encouraged language development

A

human predisposition to sequence movements

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10
Q

a critical characteristic of human motor sequencing is ?

A

our ability to form novel sequences with ease

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11
Q

people with ______ damage have difficulty generating novel solutions to problems
–> why what is this structure critical for?

A

frontal lobe

- to organizing not only behaviour but also thinking

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12
Q

parrots do not possess a neocortex, instead they evolved specific brain nuclei that function much as the layers of the human cortex do
–> so how do they think?

A
  • complex thinking that includes vocabulary with meaning abstract ideas, and integration of concepts, and comprehension
  • -> thinking is the activity of complex neural circuits, not a specific brain region
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13
Q

hypothetical group (network) of neurons that becomes functionally connected via common sensory inputs

A

cell assembly (neural network)

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14
Q

cell assembly was proposed by hebb as the basis of?

A

perception, memory, and thought

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15
Q

connections among neurons are not random but rather are?

A

organized into systems and subsystems

–> thinking must result from the activity of these complex neural circuits

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16
Q

______ provide the basis for cognition

A

cell assemblies (different ones come together to produce coherent thoughts)

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17
Q

what are the only elements in the brain that combine evidence and make decisions

A

neurons

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18
Q

foundation of cognitive processes and thought

A

neurons

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19
Q

what produces complex mental representations?

A

combination of individual neurons into novel neural networks

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20
Q

neocortex outside of the primary sensory and motor cortex; produces cognition
(2/3 or cortex)

A

association cortex

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21
Q

what is one of the key differences between the association cortex and the primary sensory cortex

A

the pattern of connections

- the association cortex receives info that is more highly processed than info received by the primary cortices

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22
Q

contains knowledge either about our external or internal world about movements

A

association cortex

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23
Q

cortical areas not referred to as primary are collectively referred to as?

A

association cortex, which functions in thinking

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24
Q

produce cognition related to visual and auditory processing

A

temporal association regions

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25
Q

closely related to somatosensation and movement control

A

parietal cortex

26
Q

coordinates into coming from the parietal and temporal association regions with info coming from subcortical regions

A

frontal cortex

27
Q

knowledge about what object are, is represented where?

A
  • in the temporal association cortex, part of the ventral visual stream
28
Q

a person will develop agnosia if what region is destroyed

A

temporal association cortex

29
Q

what is the binding problem

A

a philosophical question focused on how the brain ties a single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behaviour

30
Q

what is the solution to the binding problem

A

regions of the association cortex are multimodal, these neurons respond to info from more than one sensory modality

31
Q

refers to a range of mental functions, from the ability to navigate from point A to point B to the representation of complex visual arrays

A

spatial cognition

32
Q

the ability to mentally manipulate things likely evolved in parallel with our ability to navigate in space

A

spatial cognition

33
Q

what brain region is important in spatial cognition

A

dorsal visual stream

34
Q

the ability to manipulate an object in the minds eyes probably flows from ?

A

the ability to manipulate tangible objects with the hands

35
Q

what is central for controlling vision for action

A

dorsal stream in parietal lobe

36
Q

mentally rotating object is the job of the ?

A

dorsal stream in the parietal lobe

37
Q

ppl with damage in the ________ _________ regions, especially the _____ hemisphere, have deficits in processing complex spatial info, both in the real world and in their imagination

A

parietal association

- right

38
Q

selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli

A

attention

39
Q

attention can be directed ______ or ______

A

inward or outward

40
Q

__________ is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form of one out of of what seem several simultaneous objects or trains of thought

A

attention

41
Q

each animal trained to attend to a stimuli presented in one particular area of the visual field and to ignore stimuli in any other area
–> this is an example of?

A

selective attention

42
Q

neurons in what brain area can be trained to respond selectively to info in their receptive fields? (selective attention)

A

areas V4

43
Q

attending to specific parts of the sensory world is a property of ?
–> this is more evidence that?

A
  • property of single neurons

- that the neuron is the computational unit of cognition

44
Q

ppl with _____________ injuries tend to be overly focused on environmental stimuli
–> they seem to _______ _______ attention to an excessive degree or have difficulty ____ ______

A
  • frontal lobe injury
  • selectively direct
  • shifting attention
45
Q

damage to this area can cause contralateral neglect

A

parietal association cortex

46
Q

what is contralateral neglect

A

ignoring a part of the of the body or world on the side opposite that of the brain injury

47
Q

neglect is particularly severe i the ______ hemisphere damage

A

right

48
Q

in neurology, neglect of info on one side of the body when it is presented simultaneously with similar info on the other side of the body

A

extinction

49
Q

patients with contralateral neglect exhibit this symptom as they begin to recover

A

extinction

50
Q

ppl with contralateral neglect not only fail to pay attention to one side of the physical world around them but also to ?

A

one side of the world represented in their mind

51
Q

how do you test for extinction.

A
  1. hold up to objects of the same (one in each visual field)
  2. hold up 2 different objects (a different object in each field)
  3. hold up to same objects but different than the first same objects
    - -> patient should only see one side when the object are the same but both sides when the objects are different
52
Q

to plan you need to recognize object (brain region? ) and to make appropriate movements with respect to them (brain region? )
—-> the ______ act as an orchestra conductor

A
  • occipital and temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • frontal lobes
53
Q

what brain region make and read a motor plan to organize behaviour in space and time

A

frontal lobes

54
Q

ppl with damage to this are unable to organize their behaviour

A

frontal lobe

55
Q

the wisconsin card sorting task exemplifies the deficits in _____ injury causes
–> it involves what cognitive processes?

A

frontal lobe

- planning and reasoning

56
Q

ppl with frontal lobe injury doing the Wisconsin card sorting task have trouble shifting their response strategy
–> this pattern of behaviour is known as

A

Preservation

the tendency to repeated the same verbal or motor response to varied stimuli

57
Q

cells in the _______ _______ cortex that fire when an individual observed a specific action taken by another individual
–> these are called

A

primate premotor

- mirror neurons

58
Q

the human capacity to communicate with words may have resulted from evolution of the mirror neuron system

A
  • rozzolatti
59
Q

where are mirror neurons in the monkeys brain? and when do they fire?

A
  • inferior frontal and posterior parietal cortex

- when a monkey sees another monkey make the same movement and when monkeys sees experiment make the movements

60
Q

what could provide the link between the sender and the receiver of a communication

A

mirror neurons

- used both for imitating others actions and for understanding their meanings

61
Q

more understood as an action monitor which improves speed and accuracy of movements

A

mirror neurons

Psych 351D final (2 decks)

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