How does the Brain Think 2 Flashcards
1
Q
the broad definition of cognitive neuroscience includes neuropsychological testing which is what?
A
compares the effects of injuries to different brain regions on particular psychological tasks
2
Q
map of the complete structural and functional fiber pathway of the human brain in vivo
A
brain connectome
3
Q
what is the goal of the brain connectome
A
provide a reference atlas for those seeking and understanding human brain function and dysfunction
4
Q
what are the 2 imaging tools for mapping the brains connectivity
A
- diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
2. functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI)
5
Q
uses resting state fMI to measure functional correlations between the brain regions
A
fcMRI
6
Q
identifies consistent patterns of connectivity or nerve tracts in the brain
A
fcMRI
7
Q
fcMRI does not measure static anatomical connectivity but it does what?
A
uses temporal correlations between neurophysiological activity in different regions to infer functional connectivity
8
Q
tractograpghy measures actual neuroanatomical pathways that can be related to specific traits
A
DTI
9
Q
what is hyper connectivity
- what detects it
A
increased local connections between to related brain regions
- DTI
10
Q
what percent of the brains neurons are in the cerebellum
A
80%
11
Q
extensive neocortex- cerebellum interconnections include ? (3)
A
- prefrontal cortex
- broca’s area
- neocortical regions that have sensory or perceptual functions
12
Q
_______ critical in producing fine movements and is associated with working memory , attention, language, music and decision making processes
A
cerebellum
13
Q
the attribution of mental states to others
- understanding that others may have feelings and beliefs that are different than ours
A
theory of mind
14
Q
how do we infer the minds of others
A
by listening to their words
15
Q
empathy is correlated with increase activity where?
A
medial prefrontal cortex
16
Q
the ability to control our emotions and impulses as a means for achieving long term goals
A
self regulation
17
Q
what brain areas are critical in self regulation
A
prefrontal areas
18
Q
children are poor at self regulation which probably reflects ?
A
the slow development of prefrontal regions responsible for impulse control
19
Q
what can alter our feelings
A
expectations
20
Q
when we express attitudes toward ideas or human groups, brain imaging shows activation where?
A
prefrontal anterior cingulate cortex and lateral parietal
21
Q
_______ info biases brain systems, which in turn biases attitudes
A
cultural info
22
Q
______ activity produces our social cognitions
A
prefrontal activity
23
Q
interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand how the brain decisions
–> attempt to explain decision making processes by studying patterns of brain activity as ppl make decisions
A
neuroeconomics
24
Q
2 systems that neuroeconomics measures
A
- reflective system
2. reflexive system
25
what is the reflective system, what brain areas
deliberate, slow, rule driven and emotionally neutral
| - lateral prefrontal, medial temporal, posterior parietal
26
what is the reflexive system, what brain areas
fast, automatic, emotionally bias,
| - ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
27
the role of the ______ in cognition, formerly unappreciated is now attracting researchers attention
cerebellum
28
4 ways to examine cerebral asymmetry
1. anatomical asymmetry
2. function asymmetry in neurological patients
3. functional asymmetry in healthy brain
4. functional asymmetry in split brain
29
human language likely evolved after the brain?
became asymmetrical
30
there are ______, _______ and ________ differences (brain asymmetry)
regional, cellular, neurochemical
31
left parietal damage can result in (2)
1. aphasia: impairment in the use of language
| 2. apraxia: general impairment in making voluntary movements in the absence of paralysis or muscular disorder
32
ppl with left hemi damage, especially in the the ______ ________ region, are impaired in the ability to copy movements
posterior parietal
33
contributes to controlling and spatial skills (drawing, assembling puzzles, navigating)
-> what hemi ?
right
34
contribute to controlling language functional and cognitive tasks related to schoolwork- namely reading and arithmetic
--> what hemi
left
35
role in controlling voluntary movement sequences different than the other hemispheres role
left
36
experimental procedure for simultaneously presenting a different input to each ear through sterophonic earphones
- -> left ear advantage for ?
- --> right ear advantage for?
dichotic listening
- musical info
- verbal info
37
right visual field has an advantage for ?
| left ?
- right = language related info
| - left = nonverbal spatial info
38
what visual field responds when sees a "name" and when sees a face?
- name = right visual field
| - face = left visual
39
right hemi performs better then the left on ?
non verbal and visuospatial skills
40
surgical disconnection of the 2 hemispheres in which corpus callosum is cut
split brain (info cant travel to either side)
41
in a split brain patient, the right hemi revives visual input but does not talk so the it cannot respond verbally, and the left hemi does talk but?
- does not see the object, so it answers that nothing was presented
42
even though split brain patients cannot name object presented in their ____ hemi , they can?
make correct nonverbal responses (using left hand they select the object correctly matching the presented one)
43
when each hemisphere is shown a different object, what happens in split brain patients?
the 2 hands will select different object as being the correct one
44
studies with split brain patients show that the hemispheres ______ _____ differently
process info
45
the right hemi does have some _____ functions and the left hemi does have some ______ abilities
- langauge
| - spatial
46
if a spoon is presented in a split brain patients left visual field, the participant will choose the spoon with what hand? why?
with his left hand becuase the right hemispheres sees the object and the right hemi controls the left hand,
-- the right hemi recieved info from left visual field
47
if a pen is presented in the right visual field and a spoon in the left, what happens? (in a split brain patient)
- the 2 hands do not agree (when asked to pick up the object seen with both hands), they may each pick up a different object or the right may prevent the left from performing the task
48
why is the left hemi specialized for language?
The left hemisphere helps to control fine movements, and fine movements are necessary for the production of language
49
Why is the right hemisphere specialized for spatial abilities
The right hemisphere plays a role in the control of actual movements in space and in mental images of such movements (elaboration of the functions of the dorsal stream
50
the speaking left hemi in humans acts as an ________: it is able to?
interpreter
| - infer relationships among stimuli
51
the language capability of the left hemi gives it the capacity for ___________ that the right lack
interpretation
52
Language may _____ and ____ the products of other cognitive systems
label and express
53
On average, females are better than males at
short term memory tasks and verbal fluency tasks
54
On average, males are better than females
spatial relation tasks and mental rotation tasks
55
Women have a larger volume what brain areas?
dorsal prefrontal and associated paralimbic regions
56
men have larger what brain area?
ventral prefrontal areas
57
______ have higher cortical gray matter concentration in any regions of the cerebral cortex
women (mens is more uniform)
58
- gonadal hormones influence what?
- neurons in male rats have larger dendritic fields where?
- and females rats have larger dendritic fields where?
- influence the structure of neurons on the rats prefrontal cortex
- medial frontal cortex,
- orbitofrontal cortex
59
by studying ppl who had sustained cortical strokes, it was found that:
- men and women are equally likely to be ?
- men were more likely to be?
- women were more likely to be?
- aphasic subsequent to left hemi lesions of some kind
- aphasia or apraxic after damage to left posterior cortex
- aphasic and apraxic after lesions to left frontal cortex
60
______ have more interhemispheric connectivity,,_____ have more intrahemispheric connectivity
females, males
61
Why do males have better spatial skills (evolutionary speaking)
Perhaps in evolutionary terms males had to tend larger
| territories than females
62
Why do females have better language skills (evolutionary speaking)
- Perhaps in evolutionary terms females developed good language skills to engage in social interaction
- Females may also have been selected for fine motor skills (e.g., making clothes), which are related to language
63
most right handed ppl have language localized in their ____ hemi
left
64
about 70% of left handed ppl have language localized in their _____ hemi
left
65
- about 15% of left handed ppl habe language localized in their ____ hemi
- about 15% have ______
right
| - bilateral representation of language
66
a condition where a persons speech zone are in the right hemi or both hemi
anomalous speech representation
67
Found that the cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum was 11 percent greater in ?
--> this could be due to?
left-handed or ambidextrous (no strong hand preference) individuals
-- Could be due to a greater number of fibers, thicker fibers, or more myelin
68
Ability to perceive a stimulus of one sense as the sensation of a different sense, such as when sound produces the sensation of color
synethesia
69
synethesia affect __ in ___ ppl and tends to run in ____
1 in 23
| - family
70
what is the most common form of synethesia
| --> and most pairs are in ____ direction
colored hearing
| - one (in coloured hearing, seeing the colour does not elicit the sound)
71
3 hypothesis regarding the neural basis of synethesia
1. Extraordinary neural connections between sensory
regions
2. Increased activity in multimodal areas of the frontal lobes that receive input from more than one sensory area
3. particular sensory inputs eliciting unusual patterns of cerebral activity
72
what is the g factor
general intelligence (spearman)
73
what did Spearman wonder about ppl with different general intelligence
- did their brains have different architecture
- did they cerebral activity differ
- different ratio of neuron to glia
- is g related tot he activation of specific brain regions possibly in the frontal lobe
74
3 characteristics of Einstens brain
- average size and weight
- lateral fissure was short, both left and right lateral fissures took a particularly striking upward deflection
- high cerebral connectivity and high glia- neruons ratio
75
what do researchers think play a large role in intelligence, and certain types of intelligence could be related to ?
high glia to neuron ratio - high interconnectivity
- differences in cell structure in localized brain areas
(just ideas, has not been pin pointed)
76
7 distinct types of intelligence
1. linguistic
2. musical
3. logical mathematical
4. spatial
5. bodily kinesthetic
6. intrapersonal
7. interpersonal
77
2 types of personal intelligence
1. intrapersonal: aspect is awareness of ones own feelings
| 2. interpersonal: aspects entails recognizing others feelings and responding appropriately
78
both types of interpersonal intelligence refer to activity where int eh brain
frontal and temporal lobe operations required for success in a highly social environment
79
Applying knowledge and reasoning skills to narrow the range of possible solutions to a problem, then zeroing in on one correct answer
convergent thinking
80
ppl with lesions where perform poorly on convergent thinking tasks
parietal and temporal
81
reaches outward from conventional knowledge and reasoning skills to explore new, more unconventional solutions to problems
- find multiple solutions to a problem
divergent thinking
82
ppl with lesions where perform poorly on divergent thinking tasks
frontal lobe
83
Hebb’s term for innate intellectual potential, which is
| highly heritable and cannot be measured directly
intelligence A
84
Hebb’s term for observed intelligence, which is influenced by experience as well as other factors in the course of development and is measured by intelligence tests
intelligence B
85
how may experience increase intelligence
by increasing the # of synapses and the # of glia
86
Appropriate postnatal experiences can enhance development of _______ in people with lower than average _________
intelligence B
| intelligence A
87
A poor or underresourced environment can hinder the development of______ in people with higher than average ______
intelligence B
| intelligence A
88
Synaptic organization is partly directed by a person’s ____, but it is also ______
genes, epigenetic
89
performance on IQ tests and ____ are highly correlated
- memory
90
performance speed on IQ test correlated with increased activation in the right _________ _______ cortex, and with an increase in the interaction between the ______ cortex and the right _______ ______ cortex
- dorsolateral prefrontal
- prefrontal
- right posterior parietal
91
gray matter volume in the right _____ _____region is correlated with participants accuracy in working memory tasks
dorsolateral prefrontal
92
frontal lobe function/ gray matter volume is also advantageous for ?
learning languages before age 6 and bilingual speakers
93
Level of responsiveness of the mind to impressions
| made by the senses, may provide an adaptive advantage
consciousness
94
Why would humans need consciousness?
As the amount of information about an event increases, it becomes advantageous to produce a single complex representation and make it available for a sufficient time to the parts of the brain
95
what did subject do when there was a dissociation between motor behaviour and conscious
they made movements before they were actually aware of them
96
The -____ ______ _____ is needed to discriminate among particular stimuli and respond differentially to them
conscious ventral stream
97
what are 4 conditions where ppl can process info without being aware of the info
blindsight
form agnosia
visual neglect
amnesia
98
what are 3 conditions where ppl have conscious awareness of imaginary events
phantom limbs, hallucinations in schiz
99
Consciousness is presumably a process that emerges from ____ _____ rather than from ____ ______
neural circuits
| individual neurons
100
the greater the ? the greater the degree of consciousness
complexity of neural circuits
