How Do you make a...

Question 1

Carboxylic acid

Answer 1

Oxidation of primary alcohol

• heat an alcohol under reflux with potassium/sodium dichromate and sulphuric acid
• it will not undergo anymore reaction

Question 2

Ester

Answer 2

Esterification

- react an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst

Question 3

Aldehyde

Answer 3

Oxidation of primary alcohol

• heat an alcohol with potassium/sodium dichromate and sulphuric acid
• distil immediately to prevent any further reaction

Question 4

Ketone

Answer 4

Oxidation of an secondary alcohol

• heat an alcohol with potassium/sodium dichromate and sulphuric acid to make a ketone
• it will not undergo anymore reaction

Question 5

How do you make Alkenes from alkanes

Answer 5

Cracking

Question 6

How do you make alkanes from alkenes

Answer 6

Hydrogenation

- 150 degrees, nickel catalyst in a reaction chamber

Question 7

How to make Haloalkanes from alkanes

Answer 7

Radical substitution

• UV light
• Draw radical substitution to form chloromethane

Question 8

How to make Haloalkanes from alkenes

Answer 8

Halogenation

• add a halogen across a C=C bond the alkene becomes saturated and a dihaloakane is produced, this can be used to test for saturation
• when bromine or iodine is added there is no reaction

Question 9

polymers from alkenes

Answer 9

Addition polymerisation
- during polymerisation monomers have there pie bond broken and the electrons from each pie bond make and sigma bond with a neighbouring carbon atom

Question 10

How do you make alcohol from alkenes

Answer 10

Hydration

• gaseous alkene and steam
• phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 degrees and 65 atm

Question 11

How do you make alkenes from alcohols

Answer 11

Dehydration

• alcohol heated with a strong acid (sulphuric acid) at 170 degrees under reflux
• water is eliminated to make an alkene, the OH group from one carbon atom and H group from another carbon atom are lost to form a water molecule, the pie bond forms between 2 adjacent carbon atoms

Question 12

How do you make alcohols from haloalkane

Answer 12

Hydrolysis using aqueous alkali
- haloalkane is heated under reflux with an aqueous solution containing hydroxide ions an alcohol is made

Nucleophilic substitution reaction

• water is the reactant that provides the hydroxide ions that act as nucleophiles - if water is used one of the H-O bonds in a molecule undergoes hetrolytic fission to product the nucleophile OH-
• this species attacks the electron deficient carbon atom in the haloalkane molecules then once the nucleophile has bonded to the haloalkane, the C-X bond undergoes hetrolytic fission to produce a halide ion

Question 13

How do you make haloalkanes from alcohols

Answer 13

Halide Substitution

• Hydrogen halide is the reagent that would be used but the Halide would be the species directly involved in the reaction
• sulphuric acid or a strong acid catalyst is used and the mixture is heated to increased the rate of reaction
• However when iodide is reacted phosphoric acid is used because the sulphuric acid oxidises iodide ions to iodine so the yield of iodoalkane is low