Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons definitions Flashcards
Nomenclature
is the naming system for compounds
Homologous series
a series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2
aliphatic hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains or non aromatic rings
alicyclic hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure with or without side chains
aromatic hydrocarbon
contain at least one benzene ring
saturated
organic compounds that contain only single covalent bonds and are a made of carbon and hydrogen atoms
functional group
a group of atoms that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound
general formula
the simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series
displayed formula
shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them
structural formula
provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
skeletal formula
a simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains
unsaturated
organic compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond and only containing hydrogen and carbon atoms
hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms
Molecular formula
A molecular formula show the numbers and types of atoms of each element in a compound
structural isomers
are compounds with the same molecular formal but different structural formulae
stereoisomers
are organic compounds wit the same molecular formal and structural formula but having different arrangement of atoms in space
Cis-trans isomerism
a type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms of the c=c bond are the same
E/Z isomerism
is a type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond - two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the c=c double bond
reaction mechanisms
are models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction
curly arrows
model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanisms
Homolytic fission
happens when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals
radicals
a species with one or more unpaired electrons
Heterolytic fission
happens when one bonding atoms receives both electrons from the bonding pair
Alkanes
are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons which only contain single bonds
complete combustion
is oxidising a fuel in plentiful supply of air
incomplete combustion
is oxidising a fuel in limited supply of air
Alkenes
are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons
Electrophile
an electrophile is an electron pair acceptor
reaction mechanism
A reaction mechanisms is a model that shows movement of the electron in an organic reaction
Monomers
monomers are small molecules that are used to make polymers
Polymers
polymers are macromolecules that are made from small repeating units
Repeating unit
A repeating unit is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure over and over again
Biodegradable
materials that are affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions leading to decomposition
Bioplastic
is a material made from a renewable source that is biodegradable
Curly arrow
used to describe the movement of an electron pair showing either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond
