How do we breathe. Part 2

Question 1

What happens at the level of C6 vertebra?

Answer 1

Larynx becomes the trachea and pharynx becomes the oesophagus

Question 2

In what regions of the body is the upper respiratory tract found?

Answer 2

head and neck

Question 3

In what regions of the body is the lower respiratory tract found?

Answer 3

neck and chest

Question 4

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland?

Answer 4

anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

Question 5

Where is the chest cavity?

Answer 5

Located within the chest walls

Question 6

Where is the parietal pleura?

Answer 6

body wall structure, adherent to the structures of the mediastinum and the internal aspect of the chest walls

Question 7

Where is the visceral pleura?

Answer 7

around the lung - internal lining of pleural cavity

Question 8

The pleural fluid which is secreted into the pleural cavity is used for what?

Answer 8

a lubricant and provides surface tension

Question 9

Which fissure does the right lung have that the left lung does not?

Answer 9

Horizontal (superior to the oblique fissure and follows right rib 4)

Question 10

What in the left lung is essentially the same as the middle lobe of the right lung?

Answer 10

Lingula (tongue of the superior lobe)

Question 11

What do the ribs have for the intercostal NVB (VAN)?

Answer 11

costal groove on the inferior deep surface

Question 12

All joints associated with the ribs are what kind of joint?

Answer 12

Synovial

Question 13

What are the muscles of breathing?

Answer 13

external, internal and innnermost intercostal muscle which attach between adjacent ribs, diaphragm

Question 14

What does the azygous vein drain?

Answer 14

posterior aspect of intercostal spaces

Question 15

What supplies the posterior aspect of the ICS?

Answer 15

bilateral posterior intercostal arteries branches of the thoracic aorta

Question 16

What supplies the anterior aspect of the ICS?

Answer 16

internal thoracic artery

Question 17

What drains the anterior aspect of the ICS?

Answer 17

internal thoracic vein

Question 18

Which hemi-diaphragm is more superior?

Answer 18

right (because of the liver on the left)

Question 19

The muscular part of the diaphragm is supplied by what?

Answer 19

phrenic nerve

Question 20

Where does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach to?

Answer 20

the sternum
the lower 6 ribs & costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies

Question 21

Where can the phrenic nerve be found in the neck?

Answer 21

on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle

Question 22

What does the pleural cavity form?

Answer 22

a potential vaccum

Question 23

What must the complete examination of the breast include?

Answer 23

all 4 quadrants, nipple, areola, axillary tail & the regional lymphatics

Question 24

What supplies and drains the breasts?

Answer 24

subclavian and internal thoracic artery and vein
unilateral drainage to axillary nodes
bilateral drainage to parasternal nodes

Question 25

What does the serratus anterior muscle do?

Answer 25

Anchors the medial border of the scapula to ribs 1-8

Question 26

What happens if there is paralysis of serratus anterior?

Answer 26

winged scapula

Question 27

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 27

most dependent part of the pleural cavity

Question 28

Where is the costodiaphrgamatic recess?

Answer 28

located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura

Question 29

What is the most inferior region of the costodiaphrgamatic recess?

Answer 29

costophrenic angle

Question 30

What can cause blunting of the costophrenic angles?

Answer 30

pleural effusion or haemothorax

Question 31

Where would you auscultate for the middle lobe?

Answer 31

between ribs 4-6 in midclavicular line and midaxillary lines

Question 32

Where would you auscultate for the lung apex?

Answer 32

superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicla

Question 33

Where would you auscultate for the lung base?

Answer 33

in the scapular line at T11 vertebral level

Question 34

Where is the scapular line?

Answer 34

Passes vertically through the inferior angle of the scapula

Question 35

What is the long throracic nerve?

Answer 35

named nerve from brachial plexus supplies serratus anterior via superior surface

Question 36

Where does the cephalic vein run?

Answer 36

In the delto-pectoral groove between the deltoid muscle and the pectoralis major