How do we breathe. Part 1 Flashcards
What makes up the nasal septum?
Part of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone posteriorly and hyaline cartilage anteriorly
Each nasal cavity has a flat medial wall. What makes this up?
Nasal septum
What makes up the lateral wall, floor and roof of the nasal cavity?
lateral wall - turbinates (nasal conchae)
floor - hard palate
roof - another part of the ethmoid bone
What is the first part of the lower respiratory tract?
trachea - inferior continuation of the larynx
What does the larynx have an important role in?
Airway protection and phonation (voice production - it houses the vocal cords)
What is the route of air that is breathed in?
trachea, main bronchi (R&L), lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
How many lobes does each lung have?
Right -3 (upper, middle and lower)
Left - 2 (upper and lower)
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?
10 - each segment is supplied by a segmental bronchi
How is a bronchiole defined?
Airway of less than 1mm diameter
What lines the walls of the trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi?
Hyaline cartilage
What becomes progressively more prominent in smaller airways and is the most prominent feature of the walls of the bronchioles?
smooth muscle
Alveoli do not have..?
cartilage nor smooth muscle
What is wheeze?
Sound made as air is passes through constricted airways - expiratory noise
What is the mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) lining the luminal surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tracts specifically adapted to do?
warm, humidify and clean air that we breathe
What is the purpose of cilia in the nasal cavities?
waft and beat continuously to push the mucous towards the nasopharynx, from where it can pass inferiorly to the pharynx to be swallowed
What is the purpose of goblet cells in the nasal cavities?
secrete mucous which sits on the surface of the epithelium and traps particles dropping from the air which is flowing through the nasal cavity
What are cilia and goblet cells essential components of?
mucociliary escalator
What are the true, false and floating ribs?
True - 1-7
False - 8-10
Floating - 11 & 12
What is the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum?
Hyaline cartilage
What articulates with what at the level of the sternal angle?
The costal cartilage of rib 2 articulates with the sternum
What happens at C6 vertebral level?
larynx becomes trachea & pharynx becomes oesophagus
What does the head of the rib articulate with?
The costal facets on the vertebral body
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
costal facet on the transverse process of the vertebra.
What does rib 1 have that is different from every other rib?
groove for subclavian artery and groove for subclavian vein and the scalene tubercle
What makes rib 1 least likely to fracture?
Its broad short shape and its protection by the overlying clavicle
What does the manubrium articulate with?
body of the sternum and the costal cartilage of rib 1
Where is the trachea normally palpable?
In the midline just superior to the jugular notch
Which joints of the chest wall are involved in breathing?
costovertebral, sternocostal, costochondral
What kind of muscle is the diaphragm?
Skeletal
Briefly describe what happens in inspiration?
- Diaphragm contracts and descends - Increases vertical chest dimension
- Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs - Increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
- The chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura) - Air flows into the lungs
Briefly describe what happens in expiration?
- Diaphragm relaxes and rises - Decreases vertical thoracic dimension
- Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs - Decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
- Elastic tissue of lungs recoils - Air flows out of lungs
