How do we breathe. Part 1

Question 1

What makes up the nasal septum?

Answer 1

Part of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone posteriorly and hyaline cartilage anteriorly

Question 2

Each nasal cavity has a flat medial wall. What makes this up?

Answer 2

Nasal septum

Question 3

What makes up the lateral wall, floor and roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 3

lateral wall - turbinates (nasal conchae)
floor - hard palate
roof - another part of the ethmoid bone

Question 4

What is the first part of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 4

trachea - inferior continuation of the larynx

Question 5

What does the larynx have an important role in?

Answer 5

Airway protection and phonation (voice production - it houses the vocal cords)

Question 6

What is the route of air that is breathed in?

Answer 6

trachea, main bronchi (R&L), lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 7

How many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 7

Right -3 (upper, middle and lower)

Left - 2 (upper and lower)

Question 8

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?

Answer 8

10 - each segment is supplied by a segmental bronchi

Question 9

How is a bronchiole defined?

Answer 9

Airway of less than 1mm diameter

Question 10

What lines the walls of the trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi?

Answer 10

Hyaline cartilage

Question 11

What becomes progressively more prominent in smaller airways and is the most prominent feature of the walls of the bronchioles?

Answer 11

smooth muscle

Question 12

Alveoli do not have..?

Answer 12

cartilage nor smooth muscle

Question 13

What is wheeze?

Answer 13

Sound made as air is passes through constricted airways - expiratory noise

Question 14

What is the mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) lining the luminal surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tracts specifically adapted to do?

Answer 14

warm, humidify and clean air that we breathe

Question 15

What is the purpose of cilia in the nasal cavities?

Answer 15

waft and beat continuously to push the mucous towards the nasopharynx, from where it can pass inferiorly to the pharynx to be swallowed

Question 16

What is the purpose of goblet cells in the nasal cavities?

Answer 16

secrete mucous which sits on the surface of the epithelium and traps particles dropping from the air which is flowing through the nasal cavity

Question 17

What are cilia and goblet cells essential components of?

Answer 17

mucociliary escalator

Question 18

What are the true, false and floating ribs?

Answer 18

True - 1-7
False - 8-10
Floating - 11 & 12

Question 19

What is the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum?

Answer 19

Hyaline cartilage

Question 20

What articulates with what at the level of the sternal angle?

Answer 20

The costal cartilage of rib 2 articulates with the sternum

Question 21

What happens at C6 vertebral level?

Answer 21

larynx becomes trachea & pharynx becomes oesophagus

Question 22

What does the head of the rib articulate with?

Answer 22

The costal facets on the vertebral body

Question 23

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

Answer 23

costal facet on the transverse process of the vertebra.

Question 24

What does rib 1 have that is different from every other rib?

Answer 24

groove for subclavian artery and groove for subclavian vein and the scalene tubercle

Question 25

What makes rib 1 least likely to fracture?

Answer 25

Its broad short shape and its protection by the overlying clavicle

Question 26

What does the manubrium articulate with?

Answer 26

body of the sternum and the costal cartilage of rib 1

Question 27

Where is the trachea normally palpable?

Answer 27

In the midline just superior to the jugular notch

Question 28

Which joints of the chest wall are involved in breathing?

Answer 28

costovertebral, sternocostal, costochondral

Question 29

What kind of muscle is the diaphragm?

Answer 29

Skeletal

Question 30

Briefly describe what happens in inspiration?

Answer 30

1. Diaphragm contracts and descends - Increases vertical chest dimension
2. Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs - Increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
3. The chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura) - Air flows into the lungs

Question 31

Briefly describe what happens in expiration?

Answer 31

1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises - Decreases vertical thoracic dimension
2. Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs - Decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
3. Elastic tissue of lungs recoils - Air flows out of lungs