HOW DO CELLS FUNCTION ( unit 1 )

Question 1

What does Cell Theory state?

Answer 1

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Define Prokaryote.

Answer 2

A simple, unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 3

Define Eukaryote.

Answer 3

A complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 4

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Answer 4

Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.

Question 5

What are Ribosomes responsible for?

Answer 5

Protein synthesis.

Question 6

What is the role of Mitochondria in a cell?

Answer 6

Responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 7

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 7

Adenosine Triphosphate.

Question 8

What is Cellular Respiration?

Answer 8

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Question 9

What is the function of Chloroplast?

Answer 9

Conducts photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy.

Question 10

What is Chlorophyll?

Answer 10

The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Question 11

What are Thylakoids?

Answer 11

Flattened membrane sacs inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.

Question 12

Describe Photosynthesis.

Answer 12

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.

Question 13

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Answer 13

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Question 14

What distinguishes Rough ER from Smooth ER?

Answer 14

Rough ER has ribosomes attached and helps with protein synthesis, while Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Question 15

What is the function of Lysosome?

Answer 15

Contains digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.

Question 16

What is a Vacuole?

Answer 16

A storage organelle that holds water, nutrients, or waste.

Question 17

What is the Cell Wall?

Answer 17

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria that provides structural support and protection.

Question 18

What does SA:V stand for and why is it important?

Answer 18

Surface Area to Volume Ratio; it affects the efficiency of diffusion and transport in cells.

Question 19

What is the Plasma Membrane?

Answer 19

A selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer that regulates the movement of substances.

Question 20

What is the role of Cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Answer 20

Helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability.

Question 21

What is a Transport Protein?

Answer 21

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that helps move substances across the membrane.

Question 22

What is a Protein Channel?

Answer 22

A type of transport protein that allows specific molecules to pass through the membrane via facilitated diffusion.

Question 23

Define Carrier Protein.

Answer 23

A transport protein that changes shape to move molecules across the membrane.

Question 24

What is a Phospholipid?

Answer 24

A molecule consisting of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails that form the plasma membrane.

Question 25

What is Simple Diffusion?

Answer 25

The passive movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration without the need for energy.

Question 26

Define Facilitated Diffusion.

Answer 26

The passive movement of molecules across the membrane via transport proteins.

Question 27

What is Osmosis?

Answer 27

The diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.

Question 28

What is a Hypotonic solution?

Answer 28

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell.

Question 29

What is a Hypertonic solution?

Answer 29

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell.

Question 30

What is an Isotonic solution?

Answer 30

A solution with an equal solute concentration as the cell.

Question 31

What is Active Transport?

Answer 31

The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP.

Question 32

Define Bulk Transport.

Answer 32

The movement of large molecules or particles across the membrane via vesicles.

Question 33

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 33

The process of engulfing substances into the cell.

Question 34

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 34

The process of releasing substances out of the cell.

Question 35

what is a chromosome

Answer 35

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 36

Cytosol

Answer 36

the fluid present in the cell and is a constituent of the cytoplasm

Question 37

kingdoms

Answer 37

Animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

Question 38

Membrane bound organelles

Answer 38

an organelle that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer

Question 39

nucleic acids

Answer 39

naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells

Question 40

Plasmid

Answer 40

a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms

Question 41

unicellular & multicellular

Answer 41

unicellular is an organism that has only one single cell Multicellular is an organism composed of many cells

Question 42

Compartmentalisation

Answer 42

minimizes the surface area where cellular processes occur

Question 43

Centriole

Answer 43

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.

Question 44

Cytoplasm

Answer 44

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Question 45

Golgi apparatus

Answer 45

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

Question 46

Organelle

Answer 46

specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells

Question 47

Vesicle

Answer 47

cellular organelles that are composed of a lipid bilayer

Question 48

Selectively permeable

Answer 48

membranes can choose to allow or block materials to enter or exit a cell

Question 49

Membrane proteins

Answer 49

proteins being associated or attached to the membrane of a cell or an organelle inside the cell

Question 50

Intracellular, extracellular

Answer 50

intracellular = within a cell extracellular = outside the cell

Question 51

Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic

Answer 51

Hydrophilic = one that is able to interact with water Hydrophobic = a property of molecules that do not mix with water

Question 52

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 52

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character

Question 53

Concentration gradient

Answer 53

the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles