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Cell Cycle ( Mitosis ) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitotic phase (M phase)

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2
Q

True or False: The cell cycle includes only mitosis.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA is called __________.

A

Interphase

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

A

Cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis

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5
Q

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

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6
Q

What does the G2 phase prepare the cell for?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

What is the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

To ensure the cell is ready to progress to the next phase

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8
Q

Multiple choice: Which phase follows the S phase?

A

G2 phase

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9
Q

True or False: Mitosis is the only process of cell division.

A

False

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10
Q

What are the two main stages of the M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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11
Q

During which phase do chromosomes align at the cell’s equator?

A

Metaphase

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart is called __________.

A

Anaphase

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13
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles and the nuclear envelope re-forms.

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14
Q

Define cytokinesis.

A

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

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15
Q

What role do cyclins play in the cell cycle?

A

They regulate the progression through the cell cycle.

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16
Q

True or False: Cancer can be caused by uncontrolled cell cycle progression.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the role of the p53 protein in the cell cycle?

A

It acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating the cell cycle and preventing mutations.

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18
Q

During which phase do cells spend the most time?

A

Interphase

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19
Q

What is the significance of the G0 phase?

A

It is a resting state where cells are not actively dividing.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The checkpoint that assesses DNA damage before the cell enters mitosis is called the __________ checkpoint.

A

G2/M

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21
Q

What is the main outcome of the cell cycle?

A

The production of two genetically identical daughter cells.

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22
Q

Multiple choice: Which phase is characterized by the formation of the spindle apparatus?

A

Prophase

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23
Q

What does the term ‘mitotic spindle’ refer to?

A

The structure that separates chromosomes during mitosis.

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24
Q

True or False: All cells in an organism divide at the same rate.

A

False

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25
What is the role of the centrosome during cell division?
It organizes the microtubules that form the spindle fibers.
26
Define apoptosis in the context of the cell cycle.
Programmed cell death that can occur if the cell cycle is disrupted.
27
What is Binary Fission?
A form of asexual reproduction in which a single prokaryotic cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
28
Define Cell Cycle.
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis.
29
What is a Cell Plate?
A structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually developing into a new cell wall between two daughter cells.
30
What are Centrioles?
Small cylindrical structures in animal cells that help in forming spindle fibers during cell division.
31
Define Chromatid.
One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, joined at the centromere.
32
What is Chromatin?
The uncoiled, thread-like form of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus during interphase.
33
What is a Cleavage Furrow?
The indentation that forms in the plasma membrane of an animal cell during cytokinesis, leading to cell division.
34
Define Cytokinesis.
The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm splits, forming two daughter cells.
35
What are Daughter Cells?
The two identical cells that result from mitosis or binary fission.
36
What occurs during Interphase?
The cell grows (G1), replicates DNA (S), prepares for division (G2), or exits the cycle (G0).
37
What is a Kinetochore?
A protein complex at the centromere where spindle fibers attach during mitosis.
38
List the stages of Mitosis.
* Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase
39
What happens during Prophase?
Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form.
40
What happens during Metaphase?
Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
41
What occurs during Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
42
What happens during Telophase?
Nuclear membranes reform, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.
43
What is a Parent Cell?
The original cell that divides to form two daughter cells.
44
What are Spindle Fibres?
Protein structures that guide chromosome movement during mitosis and meiosis.
45
Define Apoptosis.
Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.
46
What is a Bleb?
A bulge in the plasma membrane during apoptosis, leading to cell fragmentation.
47
Define Cancer.
Uncontrolled cell division resulting in abnormal cell growth.
48
What is a Carcinogen?
Any substance that causes cancer (e.g., tobacco smoke, radiation, asbestos).
49
What are Checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Control points in the cell cycle that ensure proper DNA replication and division (e.g., G1, G2, M checkpoints).
50
What is Cyclin?
A protein that regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
51
Define Mutagen.
An agent that causes mutations in DNA.
52
What is a Physical Mutagen? Give examples.
Agents like UV radiation and X-rays.
53
What is a Chemical Mutagen? Give examples.
Agents like tobacco smoke and pesticides.
54
What is a Biological Mutagen? Give an example.
Viruses like HPV.
55
Define Proto-oncogene.
A normal gene that promotes cell division but can become an oncogene if mutated.
56
What is an Oncogene?
A mutated proto-oncogene that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
57
What is a Tumour Suppressor Gene?
A gene that regulates cell division and prevents cancer (e.g., p53 gene).
58
What is an Adult Stem Cell?
A stem cell found in tissues like bone marrow that can only produce a limited range of cell types (multipotent).
59
Define Embryonic Stem Cell.
A pluripotent stem cell from an early-stage embryo that can differentiate into almost any cell type.
60
What is a Blastocyst?
A hollow ball of cells formed early in embryonic development, containing embryonic stem cells.
61
Define Differentiation.
The process by which stem cells develop into specialized cell types (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells).
62
What is an Embryo?
A developing organism in the early stages, from fertilization to about 8 weeks in humans.
63
What is a Foetus?
The stage of development from 8 weeks until birth in humans.
64
What is an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)?
A lab-created stem cell reprogrammed from adult cells to act like an embryonic stem cell.
65
Define Stem Cell.
An unspecialized cell capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells.
66
What does Unipotent mean?
Can only become one specific cell type (e.g., skin stem cells).
67
Define Multipotent.
Can become a limited range of cell types (e.g., bone marrow stem cells producing blood cells).
68
What does Pluripotent mean?
Can become almost any cell type (e.g., embryonic stem cells).
69
Define Totipotent.
Can become any cell type, including placental cells (e.g., a fertilized egg).
70
What is a specialized cell?
A specialized cell is a cell that has developed specific structures and functions to perform a particular job in the body ## Footnote Examples include nerve cells (neurons) and muscle cells. Once specialized, a cell cannot easily change into another type.
71
How do stem cells become specialized?
Stem cells become specialized through a process called differentiation, which involves receiving chemical signals that activate specific genes ## Footnote This leads to the development of a particular cell type, such as skin cells, blood cells, or muscle cells.
72
What might happen if a stem cell does not differentiate properly?
If a stem cell does not differentiate properly, it can lead to: * Abnormal cell growth (cancer or tumors) * Tissue malfunction * Developmental disorders ## Footnote These issues can affect the function and development of organs or body parts.
73
True or False: A nerve cell is the same as a stem cell.
False. A nerve cell is specialized and cannot become other cell types, whereas a stem cell is unspecialized and can develop into different types of cells.
74
True or False: Sperm and egg cells are unspecialized cells.
False. Sperm and egg cells (gametes) are already specialized for reproduction.
75
True or False: One stem cell could theoretically make millions of stem cells.
True. Stem cells can self-renew, creating many identical copies of themselves.
76
True or False: A pluripotent stem cell can differentiate into a heart muscle cell.
True. Pluripotent stem cells can become any cell type in the body, including heart muscle cells.
77
Fill in the blank: Stem cells are like a _______ sheet of paper, while specialized cells are like printed pages in a book.
blank
78
What type of cell would you want a stem cell culture to grow into and why?
I would choose to grow neurons (nerve cells) because they are essential for the brain and nervous system ## Footnote Growing neurons could help develop treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
79
Summarize what you know about stem cells.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can become different types of specialized cells. They are essential for growth, development, and tissue repair. There are different types of stem cells, including totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. Scientists can grow stem cells in a lab and influence them to develop into specific cell types. Stem cell research is important for treating diseases, regenerating damaged tissues, and understanding human development.

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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