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Unit 1 Psychology > How are people influenced to behave in particular ways? > Flashcards

How are people influenced to behave in particular ways? Flashcards

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1
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

What is a ‘group’?

A
  • two or more people
  • interact with each other
  • influenced by each other
  • share a common purpose
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2
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

What is ‘power’?

A

the ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them.

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3
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

What are the sources of power?

A
  • reward
  • coercive
  • information
  • legitimate
  • expert
  • referent
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4
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Reward Power:

A

ability to provide the desired response

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5
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Coercive Power:

A

ability to use an unpleasant consequence

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6
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Information Power:

A

having knowledge that others desire

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7
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Legitimate Power:

A

power is given by a higher authority

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8
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Expert Power:

A

skills and depth of knowledge

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9
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Referent Power:

A

desire to relate to the (powerful) person

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10
Q

What is ‘leadership’?

A

the ability to manage or regulate other people

  • more than power
  • comes in different styles
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11
Q

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Democratic:

A

the leader navigates with the group and takes their views into account when making decisions

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12
Q

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Authoritarian:

A

leader makes all decisions with no consultation, negotiation and controls behaviour of all member of the group

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13
Q

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Laissez-Faire:

A

‘leader’ is present but takes no part in the group dynamics or decision making
- no real structure to authority

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14
Q

What is ‘pro social behaviour’?

A
  • aka helping behaviour

- benefits others/society

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15
Q

What are the factors affecting pro social behaviour?

A
  • biological
  • environmental
  • the situation
  • the decision-stage model of helping
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16
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Biological

A
  • genetics
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17
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Environmental

A
  • where the situation is
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18
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

The Situation

A
  • emergency/non-emergency
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19
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

The decision-stage model of helping

A
  • five stages
    1. notice need for help
    2. deciding it is an emergency
    3. deciding to take responsibility
    4. deciding on a way to help
    5. taking action
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20
Q

What is the Bystander Intervention?

A
  • a person voluntarily helps someone
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21
Q

What is the the Bystander Effect?

A
  • bystanders are more likely to take action in an emergency when they are alone than when there are other bystanders around.
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22
Q

Why does bystander effect occur?

A
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • audience inhabitation
  • social influence
  • proximity of the victim
  • nature of the bystander
  • cost-benefit analysis
  • deindividuation
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23
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

diffusion of responsibility

A
  • someone else will do it
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24
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

audience inhabitation

A
  • self conscious
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25
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

social influence

A
  • pressure
  • the behaviour of others
  • role models
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26
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

proximity of the victim

A
  • how close they are
27
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

nature of the bystander

A
  • moral development, past experiences, personality, mood etc
28
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

cost-benefit analysis

A
  • assessing pros and cons
    a. physiological arousal
    b. labelling arousal
    c. ovulating the consequences
29
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

deindividuation

A
  • commit anti social behaviour when cannot be identified personally
30
Q

What is ‘bullying’?

A
  • aggressive behaviour
  • repetitive
  • causes other person injury or discomfort
  • victim has difficulty defending themselves
31
Q

Types of bullying

A
  • physical
  • verbal
  • relational: leaving someone out
  • cyber
32
Q

Effects of bullying

A
  • anxiety
  • stress
  • low self esteem
  • suicide
  • loneliness
  • depression
  • panic attacks
33
Q

INFLUENCES OF MEDIA ON GROUP & INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Positive

A
  • education
  • online shopping
  • information about issues
  • weather information
  • entertainment
34
Q

INFLUENCES OF MEDIA ON GROUP & INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Negative

A
  • distraction
  • social isolation
  • cyber bullying
  • exposure to online predators
  • stalking
  • private information leaked
35
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

Aim

A

the aim was to discover whether participants would obey an authority figure and carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person.

36
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

IV

A

Proximity

37
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

DV

A

Behaviour

38
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

Method

A
  • 40 males aged 20-50
  • teacher: participant
  • learner: confederate
  • shocks: slight to danger
  • different rooms but could hear each other
  • teacher asks learner questions
39
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

Results

A

100% participants - 300 volt level

65% participants - 450 volt level (fatal, highest level)

40
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

Conclusion

A
  • actions contrary of belief if instructed by authority figure
41
Q

MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT

Ethical Considerations

A
  • no lasting harm
  • withdrawal
  • deception
42
Q

ASCHS EXPERIMENT

What is conformity?

A
  • belong to a group
43
Q

ASCHS EXPERIMENT

Aim

A

The aim was to investigate the extent to which an individual within a group would conform to the majority opinion

44
Q

ASCHS EXPERIMENT

Conclusion

A

conformed for two main reasons

  • participants wanted to feel like they belonged
  • participants thought other group members were better informed
45
Q

ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT

Aim

A

to investigate status and power

46
Q

ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT

Hypothesis

A

It is predicted that the participants assigned to their roles of prisoner or guard will change their behaviour to reflect their power and status.

47
Q

ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT

IV

A

position of power

48
Q

ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT

DV

A

behaviour

49
Q

ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT

Results

A
  • smooth first day, 6th day it was shut down
  • mental and physical distress
  • consumed their roles
50
Q

ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT

Conclusion

A

In conclusion, the guards power and status increased, while the prisoners power and status decreased.

51
Q

What the factors affecting conformity?

A
  • normative influence
  • culture (collectivist/individualistic)
  • informational influence
  • group size
  • unanimity
  • deindividuation
  • social loafing
52
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

normative influence

A
  • persons tendency to go along with the group
53
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

collectivist culture

A
  • group goals more important than individual goals
54
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

individualistic culture

A
  • independence and individuality is highly valued

- important to achieve own goals

55
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

informational influence

A
  • believing others are more capable of making accurate decisions so does not provide correct response
56
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

group size

A
  • how many people are there
57
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

unanimity

A
  • everyone in the group does the same thing
58
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

deindividuation

A
  • when in a group people are differently than they would as individuals
59
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY

social loafing

A
  • individual reduces effort when working in a group
60
Q

What is Social Norms?

A
  • form of action and behaviour that is expected in society

- they are learned

61
Q

Personal factors affecting social norms:

A
  • empathy
  • mood
  • competence (how will they deal)
  • altruism (no personal gain/deeply felt concern for person)
62
Q

SOCIAL NORMS

Reciprocity principle:

A

‘do unto others as they do unto you’

63
Q

SOCIAL NORMS

Social responsibility norm:

A

expected to help in times of need

Unit 1 Psychology (3 decks)

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