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Unit 1 Psychology > How are people influenced to behave in particular ways? > Flashcards

How are people influenced to behave in particular ways? Flashcards

1
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

What is a ‘group’?

A
  • two or more people
  • interact with each other
  • influenced by each other
  • share a common purpose
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2
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

What is ‘power’?

A

the ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them.

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3
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

What are the sources of power?

A
  • reward
  • coercive
  • information
  • legitimate
  • expert
  • referent
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4
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Reward Power:

A

ability to provide the desired response

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5
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Coercive Power:

A

ability to use an unpleasant consequence

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6
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Information Power:

A

having knowledge that others desire

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7
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Legitimate Power:

A

power is given by a higher authority

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8
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Expert Power:

A

skills and depth of knowledge

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9
Q

GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Referent Power:

A

desire to relate to the (powerful) person

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10
Q

What is ‘leadership’?

A

the ability to manage or regulate other people

  • more than power
  • comes in different styles
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11
Q

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Democratic:

A

the leader navigates with the group and takes their views into account when making decisions

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12
Q

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Authoritarian:

A

leader makes all decisions with no consultation, negotiation and controls behaviour of all member of the group

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13
Q

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Laissez-Faire:

A

‘leader’ is present but takes no part in the group dynamics or decision making
- no real structure to authority

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14
Q

What is ‘pro social behaviour’?

A
  • aka helping behaviour

- benefits others/society

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15
Q

What are the factors affecting pro social behaviour?

A
  • biological
  • environmental
  • the situation
  • the decision-stage model of helping
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16
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Biological

A
  • genetics
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17
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Environmental

A
  • where the situation is
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18
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

The Situation

A
  • emergency/non-emergency
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19
Q

FACTORS - PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

The decision-stage model of helping

A
  • five stages
    1. notice need for help
    2. deciding it is an emergency
    3. deciding to take responsibility
    4. deciding on a way to help
    5. taking action
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20
Q

What is the Bystander Intervention?

A
  • a person voluntarily helps someone
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21
Q

What is the the Bystander Effect?

A
  • bystanders are more likely to take action in an emergency when they are alone than when there are other bystanders around.
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22
Q

Why does bystander effect occur?

A
  • diffusion of responsibility
  • audience inhabitation
  • social influence
  • proximity of the victim
  • nature of the bystander
  • cost-benefit analysis
  • deindividuation
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23
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

diffusion of responsibility

A
  • someone else will do it
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24
Q

BYSTANDER EFFECT

audience inhabitation

A
  • self conscious
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25
BYSTANDER EFFECT | social influence
- pressure - the behaviour of others - role models
26
BYSTANDER EFFECT | proximity of the victim
- how close they are
27
BYSTANDER EFFECT | nature of the bystander
- moral development, past experiences, personality, mood etc
28
BYSTANDER EFFECT | cost-benefit analysis
- assessing pros and cons a. physiological arousal b. labelling arousal c. ovulating the consequences
29
BYSTANDER EFFECT | deindividuation
- commit anti social behaviour when cannot be identified personally
30
What is 'bullying'?
- aggressive behaviour - repetitive - causes other person injury or discomfort - victim has difficulty defending themselves
31
Types of bullying
- physical - verbal - relational: leaving someone out - cyber
32
Effects of bullying
- anxiety - stress - low self esteem - suicide - loneliness - depression - panic attacks
33
INFLUENCES OF MEDIA ON GROUP & INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR | Positive
- education - online shopping - information about issues - weather information - entertainment
34
INFLUENCES OF MEDIA ON GROUP & INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR | Negative
- distraction - social isolation - cyber bullying - exposure to online predators - stalking - private information leaked
35
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | Aim
the aim was to discover whether participants would obey an authority figure and carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person.
36
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | IV
Proximity
37
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | DV
Behaviour
38
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | Method
- 40 males aged 20-50 - teacher: participant - learner: confederate - shocks: slight to danger - different rooms but could hear each other - teacher asks learner questions
39
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | Results
100% participants - 300 volt level | 65% participants - 450 volt level (fatal, highest level)
40
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | Conclusion
- actions contrary of belief if instructed by authority figure
41
MILGRAMS EXPERIMENT | Ethical Considerations
- no lasting harm - withdrawal - deception
42
ASCHS EXPERIMENT | What is conformity?
- belong to a group
43
ASCHS EXPERIMENT | Aim
The aim was to investigate the extent to which an individual within a group would conform to the majority opinion
44
ASCHS EXPERIMENT | Conclusion
conformed for two main reasons - participants wanted to feel like they belonged - participants thought other group members were better informed
45
ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT | Aim
to investigate status and power
46
ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT | Hypothesis
It is predicted that the participants assigned to their roles of prisoner or guard will change their behaviour to reflect their power and status.
47
ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT | IV
position of power
48
ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT | DV
behaviour
49
ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT | Results
- smooth first day, 6th day it was shut down - mental and physical distress - consumed their roles
50
ZIMBARDOS EXPERIMENT | Conclusion
In conclusion, the guards power and status increased, while the prisoners power and status decreased.
51
What the factors affecting conformity?
- normative influence - culture (collectivist/individualistic) - informational influence - group size - unanimity - deindividuation - social loafing
52
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | normative influence
- persons tendency to go along with the group
53
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | collectivist culture
- group goals more important than individual goals
54
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | individualistic culture
- independence and individuality is highly valued | - important to achieve own goals
55
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | informational influence
- believing others are more capable of making accurate decisions so does not provide correct response
56
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | group size
- how many people are there
57
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | unanimity
- everyone in the group does the same thing
58
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | deindividuation
- when in a group people are differently than they would as individuals
59
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY | social loafing
- individual reduces effort when working in a group
60
What is Social Norms?
- form of action and behaviour that is expected in society | - they are learned
61
Personal factors affecting social norms:
- empathy - mood - competence (how will they deal) - altruism (no personal gain/deeply felt concern for person)
62
SOCIAL NORMS | Reciprocity principle:
'do unto others as they do unto you'
63
SOCIAL NORMS | Social responsibility norm:
expected to help in times of need

Unit 1 Psychology (3 decks)

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