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how are movement skills improved? Flashcards

1
Q

skill

A

the ability to do something well.

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2
Q

motor skill

A

a voluntary, goal directed activity that can be learned through practice and experience.

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3
Q

classifying movement skills

A

categorising skills according to their characteristics.

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4
Q

movement precision

A

the movement accuracy and the size of musculature requried.
- gross or fine motor skill

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5
Q

gross motor skills

A

movements involving the use of large muscle groups that result in a coordinated action such as running and swimming.
- combined actions
- coordinated movement

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6
Q

fine motor skills

A

delicate, precise movements that engage the use of small muscle groups such as bouncing the ball before serving in tennis or precise hand movement when throwing a dart.
- small muscle groups
- control of touch

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7
Q

type of movement

A
  • discrete motor skill
  • serial motor skill
  • continuous motor skill
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8
Q

discrete motor skill

A

movement that has an obvious beginning and end such as kicking a ball or a netball pass.
- brief movement
- beginning and end

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9
Q

serial motor skills

A

the combination of discrete sills performed in a sequence such as a gymnastics routine.
- complicated action
- combination of discrete skills

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10
Q

continuous motor skills

A

movement that has no definite beginning or end point such as walking and running.

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11
Q

predictability of environment

A
  • closed motor skill
  • open motor skill
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12
Q

closed motor skill

A

skills where the athlete has the greatest control over the performance environment such as a diver who gets to pick their routine and when the event will begin.
- constant environment
- replication of skill

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13
Q

open motor skills

A

skills performed in a dynamic and externally paced environment.
- changing environment
- externally paced
- adaption of skill required

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14
Q

fundamental movement skills

A

foundation skills that provide a basis for the development of more sport specific skills.

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15
Q

stability skills

A

involving balance and control of the body.

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16
Q

locomotor skills

A

enable an individual to move through space such as walking.

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17
Q

manipulative skills

A

involving the control of an object.

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18
Q

sport specific skills (sss)

A

mature fundamental motor skills, refined and combined to meet the demands of more specific tasks such as a volleyball spike or a basketball rebound.

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19
Q

sport specific concepts

A

factors such as moving into space, when to pass, team strategy

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20
Q

stages of learning

A

classify learners into three distinc learning stages to desribe the characteristics of a learner as they progress through the stages.

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21
Q

cognitive stage

A

the initial phase of motor skill learning where the emphasis is on the conscious understanding of task requirements.

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22
Q

associative stage

A

the consistent performance of the basic mechanics of a skill with relatively few mistakes.

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23
Q

autonomous stage

A

the athlete performing the skill almost automatically.

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24
Q

direct coaching

A

approaches that are rigid and proivde feedback on every practice attempt.

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25
constraints based coaching
are boundaries that shape a learner's self organising movement patterns, cognitions and decision making processes. - direct constraints - indirect constraints
26
task constraints
- level of pressure - rules - area / size - number of playres - time - scoring method - zones / areas - equipment -> modified, size, weight
27
individual constraints
- body size: height, weight, body type, limb length - fitness levels: strength, power, endurance, agility, flexibility - motivation, confidence - mental -> anxiety - technical skills - tactical skills: perceptual, decision making skills - experience
28
environmental constraints
physical: - court surface - temperature, weather - background noise - gravity - quality of facilities social / cultural environment - motivation of peers - crowd, spectators - peers, teachers - cultural norms - family support networks - societal expectations
29
qualitative analysis
1. preparation 2. observation 3. evaluation 4. error correction
30
sociocultural influences
- gender - cultural traditions and beliefs - socioeconomic status - peers - family
31
type of practice
- part practice - whole practice
32
part practice
independent components of a motor skill.
33
whole practice
practising a whole skill.
34
practice distribution
- distributed practice - mass practice
35
distributed practice
shorter but more frequent training sessions.
36
massed practice
less frequent but loner training sessions.
37
practice variability
- blocked practice - random practice
38
blocked practice
practising the same skill continuously without changing to a different task.
39
random practice
the varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session.
40
intrinsic feedback
an individual using their own sense to assess performance. - visual - auditory - proprioception - touch
41
augmented feedback
an outside individual providing external feedback.
42
knowledge of results
specific feedback about the outcome of the task. - athletes final score..
43
knowledge of performance
the characteristics of perfroming a task. - how well the athlete performed regardless of the result
44
sociocultural influences
the combination of social and cultural factors that impact and individual's opportunities to participate in particular sports or recreational activities.
45
biomechanics
the study of the mechanical principles that govern human movement.
46
kinetics
the study of forces that cause motion.
47
kinematics
the description of motion.
48
linear motion
the motion that occurs in a trait line (rectilinear) or a curved path (curvilinear) such as a sprint
49
angular motion
motion that takes place when a body moves around an axis in a circular path such as a figure skating turn.
50
general motion
a combination of linear and angular motion, making up a majority of movements.
51
projectile motion
a body or object leaving the ground.
52
inertia
the resistance of a body to change in its state of motion.
53
force
the push or pull acting on an object.
54
momentum
the measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion. -> p = mass x velocity
55
impulse
the change in momentum of an object. -> force x time when generating momentum (velocity), impulse needs to be maximised by maximising force and / or time when reducing momentum, the required impulse needs to be applied without inflicting pain or the performer or breaking anything
56
weight
the force that is exerted on the body by gravity.
57
mass
the measure of the amount of matter an object is made up of.
58
normal force
the suppor force exerted by one stable object on another such as a person leaning against a wall.
59
applied force
a force applied to an object by another person or another subject such as a cricket bat.
60
gravity / gravitational force
the force of attraction between two objects. (9.82m/s^2)
61
drag / drag force
a frictional force that occurs when one of the surfaces is air or water. -> drag force increases as speed increases.
62
friction
two surfaces making contact wiht each other.
63
sequential summation of momentum
will result in maximal force production.
64
newtons three laws of motion
1. law of inertia a body will remain at rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. 2. law of acceleration a force applied to an object will produce a change in motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the sixe of the force. 3. law of action - reaction for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
65
torque
eccentric force that causes an object to rotate. torque = force x lever arm
66
newton's laws of angular motion
1. the angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque. 2. a torque applied to an object will produce a change in angular motion in the direction of the applied torque that is directly proportional to the size of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia on the object. 3. for every torque, there is an equal and opposite torque.
67
angular momentum
the amount of angular motion processed by a body. angular momentum = angular velocity x moment of inertia MOI is the the resistance acting on the rotation the closer the mass is from the axis, the more MOI is decreased the further the mass is from the axis, the more MOI is increased
68
distance
how much ground an object covers throughout its motion.
69
displacement
an object's overall change of position from one point in time to another. shortest distance from the starting point to the ending point.
70
angular distance
the total distance of all angluar changes that result from an object or body part angle between the starting and finishing position.
71
angular displacement
to the difference in degrees between the object or body part's initial and final positions.
72
speed
the time taken to cover a certain distance. speed = distance / time
73
velocity
the time taken to change position. velocity = displacement / time
74
acceleration
the change in velocity over a period of time. - can be positive or negative -> positive means speeding up -> negative means slowing down -> zero means constant velocity
75
projectile
an object or body that travels through the air
76
factors affecting the path of a projectile
- the angle of release - the speed of release - the height of release
77
stability
the resistance to the disruption of equilibrium.
78
balance
the ability to control equilibrium.
79
static equilibrium
a body that is not moving or rotating.
80
dynamic
a body that is moving with constant velocity.
81
equilibrium
1. increasing base of support 2. ensuring line of gravity is inside the base of support 3. lowering centre of gravity 4. increasing mass 5. increasing friction between contact services 6. extending base of support towards oncoming force 7. shifting line of gravity towards oncoming force
82
levers
a beam or rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point commonly referred to as an axis.
83
leverage
the action or advantage of using a lever.
84
first class lever
axis between the resistance and the force. FAR e.g. canoeing
85
second class lever
resistance is close to the axis than the force. ARF e.g. wheelbarrow
86
third class lever
force is closer to the axis than the resistance. AFR e.g. baseball swing
87
mechanical advantage
mechanical advantage = force arm / resistance arm advantage: - increase range of motion - increase angular speed - less effort to move resistance

exam physical education (4 decks)

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