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Pig Husbandry > Housing, Management, Health > Flashcards

Housing, Management, Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 must haves

A

Stockpersonship
Health
Biosecurity
Management
Accomodation

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2
Q

Indoor breeding herd gestation - restricted housing

A

Dry sow house = gestation stalls
Banned in UK - kept in open deep bedded stalls

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3
Q

What are the main global indoor housing systems?

A

Confinement systems
Slatted stall systems throughout pregnancy

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4
Q

Why are they kept on slatted stalls?

A

Ease of management - weak
Nutrition, no waste - weak
Protection of pregnant animal and unborn piglets - however if space and time are given, there is low risk and no aggression

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5
Q

What are the callenges with restriction?

A

Barren environment and extreme restriction
Abnormal behaviour
Weak joints
Injury and sores
Resp Disease
Chronic nutritional and psychological stress

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6
Q

What are the challenges in terms of hunger?

A

Fed conc feed max 20 minutes a day and less than normal, Normally they spend 15% of their day eating/rooting/drinking
Results in hunger and abnormal behaviour

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7
Q

Preferred feeding

A

Should be given bulking or high fibre foods as well as high density foods

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8
Q

What are UK, NO, SE, etc opinions on gestation stalls?

A

Total ban, partial ban in the rest of Europe.

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9
Q

What does change from gestation stall to group housing entail?

A

Cheapest option - removing stalls in same space
High stocking densities and competitive feeding - false economy

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10
Q

Simple pends with dump feeders

A

Competitive feeding, lose sows

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11
Q

Spin feeders

A

Slightly better than dump feeders

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12
Q

Trickle feeders with shoulder stalls

A

Small groups with full lengths stalls

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13
Q

Best feed system

A

Large groups with Electronic Sow Feeders - Protected, larger groups

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14
Q

Outdoor breeding herd

A

Dry sow paddock, group housing

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15
Q

Challenges with outodoor breeding herd

A

Weather challenges
Extreme temperatures facilitate heat and cold stress
Sow TNZ is 18 to 25 deg

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16
Q

Where do pigs have sweat glands?

A

Nose! Can’t sweat well, that’s why they wallow

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17
Q

How are males selected?

A

Breeding, teasing, catching at same age as females

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18
Q

Welfare issues for males?

A

Feed restriction and single housing

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19
Q

Most common farrowing housing?

A

Farrowing crates

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20
Q

Arguments for crates

A

Reduces mortality (does not eliminate) by controlling sow movement and crushing
Allows targeted heating
Facilitates hygiene
Facilitates human intervention

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21
Q

Arguments against crates

A

Restricted sizing! Discomfort
Restrict performance of species specific and highly motivated behaviours (ie. nest building behaviour)

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22
Q

Modern sows vs sows in 1960s

A

Substantially bigger now!

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23
Q

Minimal regultions for farrowing crates

A

Sow should be able to rise up and lie down without difficulty
Piglets must have sufficient space to suckle without difficulty

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24
Q

What is nest building behaviour?

A

Sows begin building nests in any environment even in the absence of substrate, prior to giving birth.
More participation in this behaviour inc Oxy and then inc maternal behaviour
Inability

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25
Q

What happens if sows cannot perform nest building behaviour?

A

Negative state

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26
Q

What is the impact of behavioural frustration?

A

Increased plasma cortisol levels in sows
Increased risk of savaging
Increased activity during farrowing and thus increasing risk of crushing

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27
Q

Benefit of allowing nest building behaviour?

A

Reduces pre weaning mortality
Reduced activity during parturition

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28
Q

Regulations for nest building behaviour?

A

“In the week before the expected farrowing
time sows and gilts must be given suitable
nesting material in sufficient quantity
unless it is not technically feasible for the
slurry system used in the establishment”
Give straw/material in farrowing crates

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29
Q

Future of farrowing crate legislation

A

Banned in SE, CH, NO - free farrowing
Phaseout in AT, DE
10% herd DK
Temporary crating

30
Q

What are the options for farrowing and lactation?

A

Temporary crating/confinement
Loose lactation

31
Q

What is loose lactation

A

Sows are confined in crate before and after farrowing but loose for lactation (3-7 days post-farrowing)

32
Q

Loose farrowing and lactation options

A

Zero-confinement
Indoor designed pens
Kennel and Run
Group or multisuckle

33
Q

Outdoor farrowing vs indoor in terms of performance

A

Similar live born mortality
Outdoor pigs are good mothers
Intervention can be challenging
Challenges with weather and temperature

34
Q

Farrowing management - describe piglet behaviour at birth

A

Vulnerable at bith
Behaviourally mature
Physiologically immature - cannot thermoregulate well

35
Q

Do we expect mortality?

A

Yes, they are a litter species, so some piglet mortality is expected

36
Q

What are the outcomes of breeding for large litter size?

A

Decreased birth weight
Increase variation within weight of litter
Increased farrowing duration
Increased piglet mortality

37
Q

Why is intervention required with larger litter sizes?

A

Reduced competition at the udder
* High colostrum intake
* Optimum passive immune transfer

38
Q

What are the consequences of increased litter size?

A

Increased farrowing time - higher risk of uterine fatigue, piglets experience o2 deprivation
Increased number of stillborn piglets
Implications for postnatal viability (ie. Muconium aspiration syndrome)
Increased number of intraurine growth retarded piglets

39
Q

Consequences of

A
40
Q

Why is colostrum ital in piglets?

A

Give immunity, nutrition, maturation, GIT, thermoregulation

41
Q

When does lactogenesis start in sows?

A

2 to 3 weeks prior to farrowing

42
Q

When is colostrum available?

A

Contrinuously from start of farrowing and available for about 12 hours, 24 to 30 hours

43
Q

How do IgG levels change through lactation

A

Best in first 4 hours and then reduce rapidly

44
Q

When does let down occur?

A

After farrowing, every 20 minutes

45
Q

When are piglets no longer able to absorb IgG from colostrum?

A

48 hours

46
Q

What is a teat order?

A

Piglets become faithful to a specific teat

47
Q

Why clip or grind piglet teeth?

A

Minimize damage to each other from fighting over a teat

48
Q

Clipping or grinding?

A

Grinding is thought to be more welfare friendly
Operator is the greatest risk to animal welfare

49
Q

What are the biggest risk factors that lead to clipping or grinding?

A

Large litter sizes - look to optimally manage the large litter

50
Q

At what age are piglets surgically castrated?

A

Within first 2 days of life
No more than 7 days

51
Q

Alternatives to surgical castration?

A

Raise entire males and take them to slaughter earlier
Sex specific semen
‘Vaccinate’ to shrink testes

52
Q

Why is weaning a key transition for the pig?

A

Change in feeding
Housing
Social effects
Vaccinations
Infection exposure

53
Q

Typical weaning, growing, finishing accomodations?

A

Slatted systems

54
Q

Common problems during weaning?

A

Growth check
-failure to feed/drink properly
Gut disorders
-Scouring
-GI infections
Thermal problems
Behavioural vices
-Belly nosing
-Ear, tail, flank biting

55
Q

Describe the issue of tail biting

A

Common in growers, biting anywhere from the tip to base of the tail

56
Q

What amount of tail is meant to be docked?

A

Just the tip, no more than half
Does not nevessarily stop the behaviour

57
Q

What are hte contributors to tail biting?

A

Cumulative risk bucket:
Barren environment, lack of enrichment
Thermal comfort and air quality
Health status
Resource competition
Diet
Pen structures and cleanliness

58
Q

What are some enrichment options?

A

Chains
Toys
Chews
Shredded paper

59
Q

What is a major issue in accomodations?

A

Stocking density

60
Q

What is one of the biggest limitations with improving stocking density?

A

Restricted legislations on where you can build new pig buildings

61
Q

Other options to improve stocking density

A

Stalls with deep bedding and fewer pigs
Indoor and outdoor
Outdoor growers and finishers

62
Q

Good feeding arrangements

A

Piglets - Long troughs, part solid part liquid
Outdoors - contained feed to prevent vermin
Indoors - Electronic sow feeders

63
Q

Poor feeding practice

A

Piglets - competitive feeding
Indoors - Dump feeders, sprinkle feeders slightly better

64
Q

Consequences of insufficient water

A

Increased aggression
Decreased daily gain
Decreased food intake
Increase weight gain variation

65
Q

Common issue with drinkers

A

Too high and too angled

66
Q

Ideal drinking methods

A

Have same drinker type throughout life

67
Q

Ways to minimise handling stress

A

Positive early life contact
Understand pig behaviour and signals
Use of technology and innovation to minimise handling

68
Q

Managing Health

A
  • Recognition of
    abnormalities/disease
  • Treatments/hospitalisation
  • Hygiene: environment, water, air
  • Nutrition
  • Transportation/stress
69
Q

Process for slaughter

A

Grown to 110kg
Tagged (tattoo) - traceability
Transport (no f/w)
Unloaded into warehouses
Rest - Lairage
Stunning - CO2
Slaughter

70
Q

Why is stunning a major welfare issue?

A

CO2 is very aversive to pigs

Pig Husbandry (2 decks)

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