Housing Flashcards
When was the Public Health Movement
Occurred within the second half of the 1800’s
The first model tenement was built when and where?
1855 in New York City
Who passed the Tenement House Act of 1867?
New York
What is the Tenement House Act of 1867?
The first major housing code in the U.S.
Why was the Tenement House Act of 1879 passed?
Because the 1867 Act did not go far enough to address poor housing conditions
What did the Tenement House Act of 1879 require?
This law required that windows open to outside air, which resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type with open air shafts.
What is dumbbell tenement housing?
This form of housing, referred to as “Old Law Tenements,” was built throughout New York City starting in 1879, but often had poor lighting, little air, and little space.
What was the Tenement House Law of 1901 (“New Law” tenements)?
This outlawed dumbbell tenements. The City required inspection and permits for construction and alterations. It also required wide light and air areas between buildings, as well as toilets and running water in each apartment unit.
What was the Neighborhood Unit Concept ?
The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.
Who published the Neighborhood Unit Concept and when?
Clarence Perry, 1929
The Public Works Administration (PWA)
Created in 1934 following the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects.
This was the first federally supported public housing program.
What was the National Housing Act
It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages in 1934.
What was the Resettlement Administration
Used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the U.S.
Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, which are all in existence today in 1935.
What was the the U.S. Housing Act
Provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing in 1937
This Act tied slum clearance to public housing.
Housing Act of 1937
Authorized project-based rental assistance where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants (later, the 1974 Housing Act amended the 1937 act to create what is known as “Section 8 Housing”).
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill)
Guaranteed home loans to veterans which led to the rapid development of suburbs.
Housing Act of 1949
The first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the U.S. The Act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.
Housing Act of 1954
Called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.
Housing Act of 1959
Made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.
Housing Act of 1961
Provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
In 1965 was formed through the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
Was the launch of the model cities program. The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of “new communities.” The Civil Rights Act of 1968 made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal.
Fair Housing Act (FHA)
Comprised of Titles VIII through IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
This was an expansion of previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families.
Pruitt-Igoe
In 1972 this public housing development first occupied in 1954, was demolished in St. Louis. Its demolition marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.
Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG)
Was created under the Housing and Community Development Act. This grant program provides flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. The CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one. Additionally, the Act created the Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.
National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974
Regulated manufactured housing units (sometimes called “mobile homes”) for the first time. Local ordinances can be used to regulate manufactured housing in terms of location, size, and appearance. The act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later.
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA, pronounced “HUM-duh”)
1975 federal law that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public.
Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)
Federal law enacted in 1977 to encourage banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. One of the aims of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining, a highly discriminatory practice in which banks restricted lending in areas they deemed too risky (most often this applied to African-American neighborhoods). The CRA requires federal regulators to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to low and moderate-income neighborhoods.
Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG)
Authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas.
National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
Created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation.
HOPE VI
The HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing.
Consolidated Plan
In order to receive funding from HUD programs. The consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for the following:
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)
