Host Response to Infection Flashcards
the study of the immune system and the immune response
immunology
any substance capable of inducing an immune response, whether humoral or cell mediated or both
immunogen
a substance recognized by the immune system, whether by the b cell or t cell, serves as the target of the immune response but may not necessarily lead to an immune response.
antigen
the structure in the antigen that is recognized by the b cell or t cell
epitope
a substance that is of low molecular weight that can only induce an immune response if bound to another substance that is already immunogenic
hapten
the primary sites of differentiation and maturation of the important cells that play important role in adaptive immunity which are the t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes.
central lymphoid organs
the site where blood cells originate
bone marrow
central lymphoid organs consists of
bone marrow and thymus
peripheral lymphoid organs consists of
the lymph nodes
spleen
mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (malt)
50-80 percent of white blood cells
granulocytes
approximately 20-40 percent of total white blood cells
lymphocytes
3-8 percent of white blood cells
monocytes and macrophages
plays a major role in acute inflammation as well as in bacterial infection
neutrophils
are the predominant inflammatory cells in viral infections
lymphocytes
are predominant in chronic inflammation
macrophages
multi-lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
neutrophil
bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
eosinophil
bilobed nucleus, purplish black cytoplasmic granules
basophil
large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
lymphocyte
kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
monocyte
it is already active from the time of birth, prior to exposure to an antigen it is non specific
innate immunity or natural immunity
it is specific. it is activated after exposure to a particular antigen
adaptive immunity
are globulin proteins that react specifically with the antigens that stimulate their production.
antibodies
gamma is for
IgG
mu is for
IgM
alpha is for
IgA
delta is for
IgD
epsilon is for
IgE
a monomer and is the predominant antibody in the secondary immune response and is a major defense against bacteria and viruses.
IgG
the largest among the immunoglobulins and is a pentameter
igM
the secretory immunoglobulins and is the main immunoglobulin in secretions such as colostrum, saliva, and tears, as well as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tract secretions.
IgA
also called the reaginic antibody. it mediates or anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction and it provide defense against parasites such as helminths or worms
IgE
a monomer that has no known antibody function
IgD
components of the cell mediated immune system includes
macrophages
natural killer cells
helper t cells
cytotoxic t cells
three main effects of activation of the complement system
lysis of cells
generation of inflammatory mediators
opsonization leading to enhanced phagocytosis
activated by bacterial products such as endotoxin or complexes of immunoglobulins.
alternative or properdin pathway
classical pathway activated by antigen antibody complexes
classical pathway
activated by specific patterns of sugars found on the bacterial cell wall
mannose binding lectin
chemotactic for neutrophils, chemical mediators in inflammation causing vascular leakage or increased vascular leakage or increased vascular permeability
c3a and c5a
function as anaphylatoxin, causing degranulation of mast cells and release of histamine
c3a, c4a, c5a
cause lysis of the bacterial cell
membrane attack complex (MAC)
exaggerated and inappropriate immune responses that lead to tissue injury resulting in harm to the host
hypersensitivity reactions
reaction mediated by IgE antibodies
type i: immediate hypersensitivity
cytotoxic reaction mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.
type ii: antibody mediated hypersensitivity
represents the vascular events of inflammation which includes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
immediate phase
the cellular events of inflammation where the tissues will show infiltration by inflammatory cells which include neutrophils and eosinophils
late phase
reaction mediated by immune complexes.
type iii: immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
delayed reaction mediated by cellular response.
type iv: cell mediated hypersensitivity
the administration of purified antibody in preparations called immune globulins or antibody containing serum
passive immunization
involves injection of vaccines prepared from organisms or their products.
active immunization
four major group of vaccines
toxoid
live attenuated
subunit
killed inactivated
prepared using organisms with limited ability to cause disease
live attenuated vaccines
the first vaccine was developed by
Edward jenner
the fist live oral polio vaccine was developed by
albert and sabin
developed based on the principle that certain diseases are caused by exotoxins produced by the causative agents.
toxoid vaccines
refers to vaccines derived from bacterial sources
killed vaccines
derived from viruses
inactivated vaccines
only a specific antigen or structure on the organism is used
subunit vaccines
