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Immunology/Med Micro > Host Pathogen Interactions (2): Bacteria - Exam I > Flashcards

Host Pathogen Interactions (2): Bacteria - Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

What does NAM stand for?

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

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2
Q

What does NAG stand for?

A

N-acetylglucosamine acid

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3
Q

What does DAP stand for?

A

Diaminopimelic Acid

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4
Q

What makes up the Peptidoglycan Chain is made up of what?

A

Made up of alternating sequences of NAG and NAM

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5
Q

How many amino acids are always hanging from the NAM?

A

Five

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6
Q

What do we use to target the glycosidic link that our body makes?

A

Lysozyme (controls bacteria from growing out of control, preventing infections, found in saliva and tears)

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7
Q

Where does the crosslinking between individual chain occurs?

A

NAM

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8
Q

Pentapeptide means what?

A

Five amino acids

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9
Q

Where do you find DAP?

A

Gram Negative

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10
Q

Is DAP found in Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

No

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11
Q

Individual subunits of NAG and NAM are linked how?

A

Glycosidic Beta 1-4 Linkage

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12
Q

What is a Pentaglycine bridge?

A

Five Glycine’s, that connects two peptide chains in the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-Positive bacteria. Apart of Linking Process.

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13
Q

Where do you find a Pentaglycine bridge?

A

Gram Positive

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14
Q

What allows for the cross linking between two chains in a gram-positive bacterium?

A

Penicillin Binding Proteins

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15
Q

Penicillin Binding Proteins/Enzymes help to…?

A

Crosslink

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16
Q

Where do Beta Lactam Antibiotics target?

A

Penicillin Binding Proteins/Enzymes

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17
Q

What needs to be occurring for the Beta Lactam Antibiotics to be working?

A

Needs to be growing/replicating (because if it is not growing there are no enzymes to target)

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18
Q

Cross linking always occurs at NAG or NAM?

A

NAM NAM NAM NAM

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19
Q

So, if there’s no crosslinking, is it NAG or NAM?

A

NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG

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20
Q

In Gram Positive Bacteria cell walls you will typically find, what?

A

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids

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21
Q

In Gram Negative Bacteria cell walls you will typically find, what?

A

Outer Membrane, LPS (endotoxin), Periplasmic Space, Lipoprotein.

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22
Q

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids are found how in the cell walls of Gram Positive Bacteria and what is the importance of that?

A

Interweaved, meaning that it helps with tensile strength AND helps with porosity.

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23
Q

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids are found also on the surface of Gram-Positive Bacteria serving as Major Surface Antigens, what does this cause?

A

Major Surface Antigens cause an immune response.

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24
Q

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids can influence what in Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Influence Virulence, which refers to the strength of Pathogenicity. Level of causing disease.

25
Q

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids can help with that in Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Can help with attachment. If a germ is able to attach you are likely to get sick versus if a germ cannot attach you are likely to NOT get sick.

26
Q

LPS are found in Gram Positive or Gram-Negative Bacteria?

A

Gram Negative

27
Q

Define and Explain what LPS is in Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide is also known as Endotoxin. It is a Glycolipid Complex, sugars and fats. It can trigger an immune response and inflammation.

28
Q

When someone gets sick from a Gram-Negative Bacteria, what causes the person to experience issues?

A

LPS (endotoxin)

29
Q

Why is LPS dangerous for those who get infected with a Negative Bacteria?

A

Because LPS (endotoxin) can lead to shock.

30
Q

What is Lipid A in Gram Negative Bacteria and what does it cause?

A

When the immune system detects Lipid A, it can trigger a strong inflammatory response. In high concentrations Lipid A can cause septic shock which can be life threatening.

31
Q

Where are Porins found in Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Found within the membrane, help to allow nutrients in and nutrients out. Passive diffusion of low molecular weight hydrophilic compounds.

32
Q

Where are Lipoproteins found?

A

Gram Negative Bacteria, outer membrane. Helps determine how we will treat certain infections.

33
Q

What are the two other names for Glycocalyx is Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Capsule or Slime Layer

34
Q

Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer are made up of what?

A

Made up of many Polysaccharides (many sugars)

35
Q

What do Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer mediate?

A

Mediate Adherence.

36
Q

What does Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime Layer protect against and provide?

A

Protects from Phagocytosis and Antibodies and they protect a barrier.

37
Q

What can Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime Layer influence?

A

Virulence, referring to how capable the organism is of causing disease in a host.

38
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae is the most common cause of, what?

A

Community acquired Pneumonia

39
Q

Where can Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer be found?

A

Both Gram Positive and Gram Negative

40
Q

What are the two components of Appendages in Bacteria?

A

Pili (Fimbriae)
Flagella

41
Q

What does Pili (Fimbriae) help with?

A

Mediate with Attachment. NOT FOR MOVEMENT.

42
Q

What does Flagella help with?

A

Mediated motility. Spins clockwise or counterclockwise depending on the chemical detection.

43
Q

Both Pili (Fimbriae) and Flagella can cause an?

A

Immune Response

44
Q

Why can we use Ribosomes to our advantage?

A

They are structurally different; therefore, we can use different antibiotics to target them.

45
Q

If Ribosomes were exactly like ours, what would the issue be?

A

We would have an issue targeting them and treating.

46
Q

What is hard to treat because they are structurally similar to us humans?

47
Q

In what type of Bacteria do you find Secretion Systems?

A

Gram Negative (baby baby to Gram Positive)

48
Q

Why are Secretion Systems important in bacteria?

A

It provides a certain amount of whatever may be required for the bacteria to function and control its environment. “Molecular Needles” Prevents host from terminating.

49
Q

What are known as “Molecular Needles”?

A

Secretion Systems

50
Q

Secretion Sytems aid in, what?

A

Pathogenesis

51
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes….what?

A

Endotoxin A through type II secretion. Being antibiotic resistant it can be hard to treat and commonly found in hospitals.

52
Q

Salmonella sp secretes proteins through, what type of secretion system?

A

Type III secretion system to prevent phagolysosome fusion, which is basically when they can’t be murdered by the body. Bacteria has a happy little home inside your cells.

53
Q

What are the Six Steps of Bacterial Pathogenesis?

A
  1. Entry (Every)
  2. Adhesion (Adventure)
  3. Invasion (In)
  4. Propagation (Protecting)
  5. Damage to Host (Dynamic)
  6. Progression, Resolution, Chronic (Paths)
54
Q

What is Entry?

A

However, we come in contact with the bacteria and entered our body. Entry through the air, food, water, and damage to skin.

55
Q

What is Adhesion?

A

Pili, Fimbriae, Glycocalyx, Biofilm (community of bacteria), gain entry into your cells.

56
Q

What is Invasion?

A

Can be intracellular or extracellular. Where exactly they invade in the cells.

58
Q

What is propagation?

A

Refers to the replication and spread of bacteria within the host.

59
Q

What is damage to the host?

A

Refers to the harm that that the bacteria caused to the host.

Immunology/Med Micro (4 decks)

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