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Diagnostic Micro Exam 1 > Host-parasite Interactions > Flashcards

Host-parasite Interactions Flashcards

(101 cards)

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0
Q

Do you have the same NF in your nose & on your foot?

A

No, the environments are different & so are the NF

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1
Q

What is indigenous flora?

A

Microorganisms commonly found on or in healthy people

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2
Q

What can the environments be for normal flora?

A

Supportive or selective

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3
Q

What are two synonyms for indigenous flora?

A

Normal flora

Resident flora

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4
Q

What is transient flora?

A

Bacteria that is occasionally there

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5
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A relationship in which one organism is benefitted & one is harmed

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6
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A relationship in which one organism benefits & the other is not harmed

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7
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship in which both organisms benefit

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8
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person or animal that has a gene or a bacteria/pathogen but is not harmed
May be acute or chronic

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9
Q

What are the 4 components of host-parasite interactions?

A

Encounter & entry
Colonization & entry
Invasion & dissemination
Outcome

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10
Q

What happens during encounter & entry?

A

Pathogen encounters & colonizes host surfaces

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11
Q

What happens during colonization & entry?

A

Pathogen multiplies & breaches host surfaces

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12
Q

What occurs during invasion & dissemination?

A

Pathogen invades deeper tissues & disseminates

Encounters inflammatory & immune responses

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13
Q

What occurs during the outcome of host-parasite interactions?

A

Pathogen completes cycle

  • leaves host
  • destroys host
  • remains in latent state
  • is destroyed by host
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14
Q

What are the stages of host-parasite interaction from beginning to end?

A 
Incubation stage
Prodromal stage
Clinical stage
Stage of decline
Convalescent stage
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15
Q

What are factors that affect colonization?

A 
Nutritional status of site & host
Oxidation/reduction potentials
Antibody/antibacterial substances
pH
Other organisms
Age of host
Diseases that cause host to be immunocompromised
Drug or antibiotic effects
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16
Q

What are the most common flora/microorganisms found on the skin?

A 
Candida spp
Micrococcus spp
Staphylococcus spp
Clostridium
Diptheroids
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17
Q

What are the different types of pathogen infection?

A

Iatrogenic infection

Nosocomial infection

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18
Q

What is an iatrogenic infection?

A

Infection that follows a medical intervention

-post catheter causing UTI

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19
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Infections acquired in a health care setting

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20
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe causing disease in a susceptible host

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21
Q

What does virulence mean?

A

The strength or dangerousness of a pathogen

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22
Q

What are the degrees of pathogenicity?

A

Infective dose

Severity of disease

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23
Q

What does infective dose mean in regards to degree of pathogenicity?

A

How much bacteria there needs to be for one to get infected

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24
What does severity of disease mean in regards to degree of pathogenicity?
How sick is one going to get
25
What are the factors of virulence of a pathogen?
``` Capsules Toxins Enzymes - catalase, coagulase, etc. Cell wall receptors Pili ```
26
What are the 7 steps in the invasion process?
``` Attachment/adherence Proliferation Virulence factors Tissue damage & inflammation Tissue damage by toxins Invasion Dissemination ```
27
What are attachment factors of pathogens?
Pili | Adherence proteins - adhesins
28
What are factors of pathogens that cause tissue damage & inflammation to the host?
Enzymes - coagulase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, lipase, elastase Toxins - exotoxin & endotoxin
29
What is an endotoxin?
Part of the cell wall LPS gram negatives Released at death of bacteria Can be life threatening
30
What is an exotoxin?
Composed of 2 units Gram-positive & gram-negative Extrachromosomal genes
31
What are the different routes of transmission of pathogens?
``` Airborne -> fomites Food & water Cuts & bites -> animals Arthropods - typhus, malaria Zoonoses - ebola, lyme ```
32
What are types of host resistance factors?
``` Physical barriers Cleansing mechanisms Antimicrobial substances of the host Indigenous microbial flora Phagocytes/phagocytosis Inflammation Immune response ```
33
What are physical barriers that allow for host resistance & what do they do?
Skin - mechanical barrier; sheds When compromised by wound or disease, it is not effective Very few organisms can penetrate intact skin
34
Antimicrobial substances of the host include what?
``` Fatty acids in stomach HCl in stomach Secretory IgA in mucous secretions are opsonins & fix complement Lysozyme Antibodies Beta lysins Combination of antibody, complement, lysozyme, & beta lysin Interferon ```
35
Where are lysozymes found?
``` Tears Serum Tissue fluids Breast milk Saliva Sweat ```
36
What do beta lysins do?
Act as gram positive organisms
37
What are cleansing mechanisms that the body does to rid itself of pathogens?
``` Crying Sloughing Swallowing Flushing Blinking Coughing Expectorating ```
38
How is indigenous microbial flora protective?
Produces bacteriocins to inhibit other bacterial growth Produces restriction enzymes that destroy DNA of other bacteria Compete for nutrients & space Metabolic byproducts may cause hostile environment for other bacteria
39
What are the two types of phagocytes found in the body?
Neutrophils & macrophages
40
What do neutrophils do?
Pack things into lysosomes as granules | Are receptors for complement
41
What do macrophages do?
Act as monocytes | Are part of specific & nonspecific immunity
42
What is complement?
Metabolic burst & secretion of lysosomes into a phagosome
43
What are the parts of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis Attachment Ingestion Killing
44
What is chemotaxis?
Movement toward the bacteria
45
What is the attachment component of phagocytosis?
Facilitated by antibodies & complement Flavor coating - opsonization Bacterial capsules defend against attachment
46
What ingestion in phagocytosis?
Ingestion into phagosome | Lysosome fusion & degranulation
47
What is killing in phagocytosis?
Increase in metabolic activity of the cell Called respiratory or metabolic burst Increased glycolysis, O2 use, production of lactic acid & hydrogen peroxide that diffuses into the phagosome
48
What are intracellular survivors?
Organisms that survive killing attempt & multiply within the cells
49
What is inflammation?
Increase in phagocytic cells to the site
50
The release of mediators of inflammation causes what?
Erythema due to greater blood flow | Edema from increased vascular permeability
51
Phagocytosis leads to what?
Pus
52
Inflammation is ____ & _____.
Cleanup & repair
53
What are the two types of immunity?
Innate & adaptive/specific immunity
54
What happens in innate immunity?
``` Physical & chemical barriers - skin, tears, cells, etc. Blood proteins Cells eg. neutrophils & macrophage Previous exposure not required Rapid response ```
55
Adaptive immunity consists of what?
Antibodies produced to antigen stimulation Produced by lymphocytes Works with the innate system - antibodies work with complement Response has immunologic memory, so that subsequent encounters with that antigen stimulate increasingly effective & specific defense
56
Lymphocyte subsets originate from where?
Bone marrow
57
When lymphocytes mature, they reside where?
Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen
58
What are the types of lymphocyte subsets?
T cells | B cells
59
Where are T cells derived from & what kind of immunity are they involved in?
Thymus derived | Cellular immunity
60
Where are B cells derived from & what type of immunity are they involved in?
Bone marrow derived | Humoral (body fluid - antibody production) immunity
61
T & B cells have different what?
Different sets of cell surface receptors
62
In specific humoral response, what happens?
Antigen binding to specific cell surface receptor results in clonal proliferation of lymphocytes that produce specific antibodies
63
What are antibodies named by?
The heavy chain
64
What order are antibodies are listed in order of concentration in the blood stream?
``` IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE ```
65
What does Ig stand for or mean?
Antibody
66
What is the percent serum Ig of IgG?
˜75% serum Ig
67
What is the half life of IgG?
3-4 weeks
68
What is the molecular weight of IgG?
150,00 MW
69
How many active sites are on IgG?
2
70
What is the percent Ig serum that IgM makes up?
˜10-15%
71
How long is the half life of IgM?
5 days
72
Does IgG cross the placenta?
Yes
73
Does IgM cross the placenta?
No
74
What is the molecular weight of IgM?
900,00
75
How many subunits make up IgM?
5 basic subunits - pentamer, linked by J chain
76
What is the percentage that IgA makes up?
˜15-20% serum Ig
77
Where is IgA usually found?
In body secretions, saliva tears, intestinal secretions
78
What is IgA composed of?
2 subunits similar to IgG linked by J chain & secretory component
79
What is IgE involved in?
Parasitic infections & allergies
80
What time does IgM peak at (weeks)?
1-2 weeks
81
When does IgG become detectable?
After IgM & increases for about 1 month
82
During the second exposure what happens?
Rapid increase Longer elevation Anamnestic response
83
What type of lymphocytes are involved in cell mediated immune response?
T lymphocytes
84
What happens during cell mediated immune response?
Bind antigen, activate, cell division -> production of lymphokines
85
What do lymphokines do?
Work by direct cell to cell contact or act with macrophage
86
What type of pathogens invoke cell mediated immune response?
Intracellular bacterial pathogens
87
What does the clinical lab department of serology use to date infections?
Measurement of IgG, IgA, & IgM
88
How does the clinical lab department of serology detect antibodies?
Uses titers to detect levels of specific antibodies
89
What is a titer?
The concentration of an antibody in the serum
90
What are strategies for prevention of infectious disease?
``` Epidemiology Prevent transmission Control bacteria reservoirs Minimize risk Washing hands ```
91
What types of strategies are used minimize disease?
Immunization - active/passive | Antimicrobial thearapy
92
Endemic
One area
93
Epidemic
Large number of patients that are infected than expected
94
Pandemic
Epidemic but spreading through a large region
95
Incidence rate
How fast its going - number of new cases in a time period
96
Prevalence
How many cases there are
97
Index case
First case known of a condition
98
Morbidity
How many people became sick
99
Mortality
How many have died
100
Incubation period
Period between infection & first signs of symptoms

Diagnostic Micro Exam 1 (6 decks)

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