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Diagnostic Micro Exam 1 > Host-parasite Interactions > Flashcards

Host-parasite Interactions Flashcards

0
Q

Do you have the same NF in your nose & on your foot?

A

No, the environments are different & so are the NF

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1
Q

What is indigenous flora?

A

Microorganisms commonly found on or in healthy people

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2
Q

What can the environments be for normal flora?

A

Supportive or selective

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3
Q

What are two synonyms for indigenous flora?

A

Normal flora

Resident flora

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4
Q

What is transient flora?

A

Bacteria that is occasionally there

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5
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A relationship in which one organism is benefitted & one is harmed

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6
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A relationship in which one organism benefits & the other is not harmed

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7
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship in which both organisms benefit

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8
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person or animal that has a gene or a bacteria/pathogen but is not harmed
May be acute or chronic

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9
Q

What are the 4 components of host-parasite interactions?

A

Encounter & entry
Colonization & entry
Invasion & dissemination
Outcome

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10
Q

What happens during encounter & entry?

A

Pathogen encounters & colonizes host surfaces

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11
Q

What happens during colonization & entry?

A

Pathogen multiplies & breaches host surfaces

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12
Q

What occurs during invasion & dissemination?

A

Pathogen invades deeper tissues & disseminates

Encounters inflammatory & immune responses

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13
Q

What occurs during the outcome of host-parasite interactions?

A

Pathogen completes cycle

  • leaves host
  • destroys host
  • remains in latent state
  • is destroyed by host
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14
Q

What are the stages of host-parasite interaction from beginning to end?

A 
Incubation stage
Prodromal stage
Clinical stage
Stage of decline
Convalescent stage
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15
Q

What are factors that affect colonization?

A 
Nutritional status of site & host
Oxidation/reduction potentials
Antibody/antibacterial substances
pH
Other organisms
Age of host
Diseases that cause host to be immunocompromised
Drug or antibiotic effects
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16
Q

What are the most common flora/microorganisms found on the skin?

A 
Candida spp
Micrococcus spp
Staphylococcus spp
Clostridium
Diptheroids
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17
Q

What are the different types of pathogen infection?

A

Iatrogenic infection

Nosocomial infection

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18
Q

What is an iatrogenic infection?

A

Infection that follows a medical intervention

-post catheter causing UTI

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19
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Infections acquired in a health care setting

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20
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe causing disease in a susceptible host

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21
Q

What does virulence mean?

A

The strength or dangerousness of a pathogen

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22
Q

What are the degrees of pathogenicity?

A

Infective dose

Severity of disease

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23
Q

What does infective dose mean in regards to degree of pathogenicity?

A

How much bacteria there needs to be for one to get infected

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24
Q

What does severity of disease mean in regards to degree of pathogenicity?

A

How sick is one going to get

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25
Q

What are the factors of virulence of a pathogen?

A 
Capsules
Toxins
Enzymes - catalase, coagulase, etc.
Cell wall receptors
Pili
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26
Q

What are the 7 steps in the invasion process?

A 
Attachment/adherence
Proliferation
Virulence factors
Tissue damage & inflammation
Tissue damage by toxins
Invasion
Dissemination
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27
Q

What are attachment factors of pathogens?

A

Pili

Adherence proteins - adhesins

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28
Q

What are factors of pathogens that cause tissue damage & inflammation to the host?

A

Enzymes - coagulase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, lipase, elastase
Toxins - exotoxin & endotoxin

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29
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

Part of the cell wall
LPS gram negatives
Released at death of bacteria
Can be life threatening

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30
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

Composed of 2 units
Gram-positive & gram-negative
Extrachromosomal genes

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31
Q

What are the different routes of transmission of pathogens?

A 
Airborne -> fomites
Food & water 
Cuts & bites -> animals
Arthropods - typhus, malaria
Zoonoses - ebola, lyme
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32
Q

What are types of host resistance factors?

A 
Physical barriers
Cleansing mechanisms
Antimicrobial substances of the host
Indigenous microbial flora
Phagocytes/phagocytosis
Inflammation
Immune response
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33
Q

What are physical barriers that allow for host resistance & what do they do?

A

Skin - mechanical barrier; sheds
When compromised by wound or disease, it is not effective
Very few organisms can penetrate intact skin

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34
Q

Antimicrobial substances of the host include what?

A 
Fatty acids in stomach
HCl in stomach
Secretory IgA in mucous secretions are opsonins & fix complement
Lysozyme
Antibodies
Beta lysins
Combination of antibody, complement, lysozyme, & beta lysin
Interferon
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35
Q

Where are lysozymes found?

A 
Tears
Serum
Tissue fluids
Breast milk
Saliva
Sweat
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36
Q

What do beta lysins do?

A

Act as gram positive organisms

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37
Q

What are cleansing mechanisms that the body does to rid itself of pathogens?

A 
Crying
Sloughing
Swallowing
Flushing
Blinking
Coughing
Expectorating
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38
Q

How is indigenous microbial flora protective?

A

Produces bacteriocins to inhibit other bacterial growth
Produces restriction enzymes that destroy DNA of other bacteria
Compete for nutrients & space
Metabolic byproducts may cause hostile environment for other bacteria

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39
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes found in the body?

A

Neutrophils & macrophages

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40
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Pack things into lysosomes as granules

Are receptors for complement

41
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Act as monocytes

Are part of specific & nonspecific immunity

42
Q

What is complement?

A

Metabolic burst & secretion of lysosomes into a phagosome

43
Q

What are the parts of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis
Attachment
Ingestion
Killing

44
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement toward the bacteria

45
Q

What is the attachment component of phagocytosis?

A

Facilitated by antibodies & complement
Flavor coating - opsonization
Bacterial capsules defend against attachment

46
Q

What ingestion in phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion into phagosome

Lysosome fusion & degranulation

47
Q

What is killing in phagocytosis?

A

Increase in metabolic activity of the cell
Called respiratory or metabolic burst
Increased glycolysis, O2 use, production of lactic acid & hydrogen peroxide that diffuses into the phagosome

48
Q

What are intracellular survivors?

A

Organisms that survive killing attempt & multiply within the cells

49
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Increase in phagocytic cells to the site

50
Q

The release of mediators of inflammation causes what?

A

Erythema due to greater blood flow

Edema from increased vascular permeability

51
Q

Phagocytosis leads to what?

A

Pus

52
Q

Inflammation is ____ & _____.

A

Cleanup & repair

53
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate & adaptive/specific immunity

54
Q

What happens in innate immunity?

A 
Physical & chemical barriers - skin, tears, cells, etc.
Blood proteins
Cells eg. neutrophils & macrophage
Previous exposure not required
Rapid response
55
Q

Adaptive immunity consists of what?

A

Antibodies produced to antigen stimulation
Produced by lymphocytes
Works with the innate system - antibodies work with complement
Response has immunologic memory, so that subsequent encounters with that antigen stimulate increasingly effective & specific defense

56
Q

Lymphocyte subsets originate from where?

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

When lymphocytes mature, they reside where?

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen

58
Q

What are the types of lymphocyte subsets?

A

T cells

B cells

59
Q

Where are T cells derived from & what kind of immunity are they involved in?

A

Thymus derived

Cellular immunity

60
Q

Where are B cells derived from & what type of immunity are they involved in?

A

Bone marrow derived

Humoral (body fluid - antibody production) immunity

61
Q

T & B cells have different what?

A

Different sets of cell surface receptors

62
Q

In specific humoral response, what happens?

A

Antigen binding to specific cell surface receptor results in clonal proliferation of lymphocytes that produce specific antibodies

63
Q

What are antibodies named by?

A

The heavy chain

64
Q

What order are antibodies are listed in order of concentration in the blood stream?

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
65
Q

What does Ig stand for or mean?

A

Antibody

66
Q

What is the percent serum Ig of IgG?

A

˜75% serum Ig

67
Q

What is the half life of IgG?

A

3-4 weeks

68
Q

What is the molecular weight of IgG?

A

150,00 MW

69
Q

How many active sites are on IgG?

A

2

70
Q

What is the percent Ig serum that IgM makes up?

A

˜10-15%

71
Q

How long is the half life of IgM?

A

5 days

72
Q

Does IgG cross the placenta?

A

Yes

73
Q

Does IgM cross the placenta?

A

No

74
Q

What is the molecular weight of IgM?

A

900,00

75
Q

How many subunits make up IgM?

A

5 basic subunits - pentamer, linked by J chain

76
Q

What is the percentage that IgA makes up?

A

˜15-20% serum Ig

77
Q

Where is IgA usually found?

A

In body secretions, saliva tears, intestinal secretions

78
Q

What is IgA composed of?

A

2 subunits similar to IgG linked by J chain & secretory component

79
Q

What is IgE involved in?

A

Parasitic infections & allergies

80
Q

What time does IgM peak at (weeks)?

A

1-2 weeks

81
Q

When does IgG become detectable?

A

After IgM & increases for about 1 month

82
Q

During the second exposure what happens?

A

Rapid increase
Longer elevation
Anamnestic response

83
Q

What type of lymphocytes are involved in cell mediated immune response?

A

T lymphocytes

84
Q

What happens during cell mediated immune response?

A

Bind antigen, activate, cell division -> production of lymphokines

85
Q

What do lymphokines do?

A

Work by direct cell to cell contact or act with macrophage

86
Q

What type of pathogens invoke cell mediated immune response?

A

Intracellular bacterial pathogens

87
Q

What does the clinical lab department of serology use to date infections?

A

Measurement of IgG, IgA, & IgM

88
Q

How does the clinical lab department of serology detect antibodies?

A

Uses titers to detect levels of specific antibodies

89
Q

What is a titer?

A

The concentration of an antibody in the serum

90
Q

What are strategies for prevention of infectious disease?

A 
Epidemiology
Prevent transmission
Control bacteria reservoirs
Minimize risk
Washing hands
91
Q

What types of strategies are used minimize disease?

A

Immunization - active/passive

Antimicrobial thearapy

92
Q

Endemic

A

One area

93
Q

Epidemic

A

Large number of patients that are infected than expected

94
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic but spreading through a large region

95
Q

Incidence rate

A

How fast its going - number of new cases in a time period

96
Q

Prevalence

A

How many cases there are

97
Q

Index case

A

First case known of a condition

98
Q

Morbidity

A

How many people became sick

99
Q

Mortality

A

How many have died

100
Q

Incubation period

A

Period between infection & first signs of symptoms

Diagnostic Micro Exam 1 (6 decks)

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