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Microbio > Host Microbe Relationships and Disease Processes > Flashcards

Host Microbe Relationships and Disease Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism, the parasite, benefits from the relationship whereas the other organism, the host, is harmed by it.

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

both members of the association living together benefit from the relationship

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

two species live together in a relationship such that one benefits and the other one neither benefits nor is harmed

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4
Q

Virulence

A

the degree of intensity of the disease produced by a pathogen; varies among different microbial species; also varies among members of the same species of pathogen

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5
Q

pathogenicity

A

the capacity to produce disease; an organism’s pathogenicity depends on its ability to invade a host, multiply in the host , and avoid being damaged by the host’s defenses

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6
Q

Infection

A

The multiplication of a parasite organism, usually microscopic, within or upon the host’s body

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7
Q

contamination

A

the presence of microorganisms on epithelial surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes

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8
Q

colonization

A

Growth of microorganisms on epithelial surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes

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9
Q

attenuation

A

the weakening of the disease producing ability of an organism.

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10
Q

disease

A

A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all its normal functions

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11
Q

Opportunistic Organisms

A

Among the resident and transient microflora are some species of organisms that do not usually cause disease but can do so under certain conditions. These organisms are called opportunists because they take advantage of particular opportunities to cause disease

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12
Q

Conditions that allow opportunists to work

A
  • failure of the host’s normal defenses
  • introduction of said organisms into unusual body sites
  • disturbances in the normal microflora.
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13
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

caused by medical procedures and/or treatments

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14
Q

Idiopathic Diseases

A

diseases whose cause is unknown

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15
Q

Virulence factor

A

a structural or physiological characteristic that helps a pathogen cause infection and disease.

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16
Q

Adhesin

A

proteins or glycoproteins that are found on attachment pilli and capsules. Permit the pathogen to adhere only to receptors on membranes of certain cells or tissues.

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17
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

a spreading factor, digests hyaluronic acid, which is a substance that helps hold the cells of certain tissues together

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18
Q

Coagulase

A

accelerates the clotting of blood

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19
Q

streptokinase

A

dissolves blood clots

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20
Q

Properties of exotoxins

A
  • produced by almost all gram positive organisms and some gram negative
  • located in the extracellular matrix
  • made of mostly polypetides
  • very unstable
  • among the most powerful toxins known
  • highly specific effect on tissues
  • little or no fever production
  • stimulates antibody production and immunity
  • converted to a toxoid through heat or chemical treatment
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21
Q

examples of exotoxins

A

botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, diphtheria, staphylococcal food poisoning, cholera, enterotoxins, plague

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22
Q

Properties of Endotoxins

A
  • produced by almost all gram negative organisms
  • bound within the bacterial cell wall
  • composed of lipopolysaccharide complex
  • weak toxicity but can be lethal in large doses
  • non specific effect on tissues
  • high fever production
  • recovery from disease often does not produce immunity
  • cannot be converted to toxoid
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23
Q

Examples of endotoxins

A

salmonellosis, tularemia, endotoxic shock

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24
Q

Communicable disease

A

disease that can be spread from one host to another

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25
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

disease that cannot be spread from one host to another

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26
Q

Exotoxins

A

soluble substances secreted into host tissues

27
Q

Endotoxins

A

part of the cell wall of and are released into host tissues when the bacteria die or divide.

28
Q

Hemolysins (2 types)

exotoxin

A

lyse red blood cells. 2 types:

  • Alpha-hemolysins hemolyze blood cells and partially break down hemoglobin (creates a green ring)
  • Beta-hemolysins also hemolyze blood cells but completely break down hemoglobin (creates a clear ring)
29
Q

Leukocidins (exotoxin)

A

damage or destroy certain kinds of white blood cells called neutrophils and macrophages

30
Q

toxoid

A

an altered toxin that has lost its ability to cause harm but that retains antigenicity. Basically what you are receiving when you get a tetanus booster shot

31
Q

Bacillus Antracis

A

Anthrax (cytotoxin)

32
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Enterotoxin

33
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

botulism (neurotoxins, most dangerous toxin known)

34
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A 
gas gangrene (alpha toxin, hemolysin)
Food poisoning (enterotoxin)
35
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

tetanus (neurotoxin)

36
Q

Corunebacterium diphtheria

A

Diphtheria (cytotoxin)

37
Q

E Coli

A

traveler’s diarrhea (enterotoxin)

38
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

various infections (exotoxin A)

39
Q

Shigella sysenteriae

A

Bacillary Dysentary (enterotoxin)

40
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A 
food poisoning (enterotoxin)
scalded skin syndrome (exfoliatin)
41
Q

Streptococcus pyrogenes

A

scarlet fever ( erythrogenic toxin)

42
Q

Vibrio Chlerae

A

Cholera (enterotxin)

43
Q

Acute Disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly, runs course quickly

44
Q

Chronic disease

A

symptoms develop slowly, slow to disappear

45
Q

subacute disease

A

symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic

46
Q

latent disease

A

symptoms may appear and/or reappear long after infection

47
Q

local infection

A

confined to a small region of the body

48
Q

focal infection

A

confined region from which pathogens travel to other regions of the body

49
Q

systemic infection

A

infection in which the pathogen is spread throughout the body

50
Q

septicemia

A

presence and multiplication of pathogen in blood

51
Q

bacteremia

A

Presence but no multiplication of bacteria in blood

52
Q

viremia

A

Presence but no multiplication of viruses in blood

53
Q

toxemia

A

Presence of toxins in blood

54
Q

sapremia

A

Presence of metabolic products of saprophytes in blood

55
Q

primary infection

A

infection in a previously healthy person

56
Q

secondary infection

A

infection that immediately follows a primary infection

57
Q

superinfection

A

Secondary infection that is usually caused by an agent resistant to the treatment for the primary infection

58
Q

mixed infection

A

infection caused by two or more pathogens

59
Q

inapparent infection

A

Infection that fails to produce full set of signs and symptoms

60
Q

Infectious Disease: Stage 1

A

Incubation period: time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms

61
Q

Infectious Disease: Stage 2

A

Prodromal Phase: a short period during which nonspecific, often mild, symptoms sometimes appear

62
Q

Infectious Disease: Stage 3

A

Invasive Phase: period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of the diesease

63
Q

Infectious Disease: Stage 4

A

Decline Phase: period of illness during which host defenses and the effects of treatments finally overcome the pathogen

64
Q

Infectious Disease: Stage 5

A

Convalescence Period: tissues are repaired, healing takes place, and the body regains strength and recovers

Microbio (10 decks)

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