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Micro Test 2- Albertson > Host- Microbe Relationships > Flashcards

Host- Microbe Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

The close association and interaction of two dissimilar organisms living together

A

Symbiosis

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2
Q

Those microorganisms which are normally and consistently found in or on the body in the absence of disease

A

Normal Flora

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3
Q

Association between organism in which one is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed

A

Commensalism

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4
Q

Both the microbe and host derive benefits from the relationship

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

Disease traits of the resident flora are demonstrated only when normal host-microbe relationship is altered (surgery, immunological compromise, hormonal/chemical changes, prolonged antibiotic therapy)

A

Opportunism

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6
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which a microorganism live in or on a host at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

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7
Q

Carrier of microbes from one host to another (i.e. insects/animals, inanimate articles)

A

Vector

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8
Q

The growth and spread of a pathogen in or on a host resulting in injury to the host tissue

A

Infectious disease

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9
Q

A microbe capable of causing disease by invading tissues, producing toxins or both

A

Pathogen

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10
Q

The degree of pathogenicity and has two factors

A

Virulence

Infectivity
Severity

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11
Q

How easily the microbe survives the normal host defenses and establishes infection

A

Infectivity

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12
Q

The damage it causes the infected host

A

Severity

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13
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Direct contact
Inhalation
Ingestion
Parenteral

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14
Q

In microbial virulence factors: what is required in order to establish a site of infection? And by what means does this happen?

A

Attachment

Fimbrae
Surface chemicals
Adhesive matrix molecules

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15
Q

Attach to specific receptor in the specific tissue

A

Fimbrae

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16
Q

Dissolve covering of cells and aid chemical attachment

A

Surface chemicals

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17
Q

Produce bio films thus “protection” for bacteria within harsh human environment

A

Adhesive matrix molecules

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18
Q

The minimum number of organisms are required to establish infection (needed to overcome host defenses)

A

Quantity

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19
Q

Various chemicals that

  1. restrain the disease-causing action of the microbe until sufficient quantity of microbes are present, then
  2. switch of the disease-causing actions all at once
A

Quorum-sensing regulators

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20
Q

What prevents the microbe from being regulated and/ or destroyed by white blood cell (physical protection or chemical poison)

A

Antiphagocytic factors

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21
Q

What are some examples of phagocytic factors?

A

Capsule
Leukocidin
Coagulase
Survival of phagocytosis

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22
Q

What does a capsule do?

A

Slippery and slimy nature assists bacteria from being engulfed by phagocyte

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23
Q

What does leukocidin do?

A

Causes destruction of white blood cells

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24
Q

What does coagulase do?

A

Causes fibrin clot to form around the microbes

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25
Q

What does the survival of phagocytosis do?

A

Resistantve to killing within a phagocyte

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26
Q

What do “invasive” enzymes do and what is their action?

A

Promote invasion and spread of a pathogen in/on the tissue

Enable the pathogen to invade the tissue or the site of infection to spread

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27
Q

What are some examples of invasive enzymes?

A 
Collagenase 
Lecithinase 
Hyaluronidase
Fibrinolysin and Streptokinase 
Hemolysins
Lipase
Proteases
Super Antigens
28
Q

What breaks down collagen fibers thus destroying tissue integrity?

A

Collagenase

29
Q

Destructive to cell membranes of red blood cells and other tissue cells

A

Lecithinase

30
Q

Breaks down hyaluronic acid in cell membranes

A

Hyaluronidase

31
Q

Loses fibrin in blood clots thus preventing isolation of the infection

A

Fibrinolysin and Streptokinase

32
Q

Dissolve red blood cell membranes

A

Hemolysins

33
Q

Digest lipids allowing bacteria to enter

A

Lipase

34
Q

Digest proteins thus permitting bacteria to evade entrapment, digestion, etc

A

Proteases

35
Q

Cause exacerbated immune or inflammatory response

A

Super Antigens

36
Q

Characteristics of proteins that are excreted from the cell

A

Exotoxins

  • Cytolytic and receptior- binding proteins
  • Many are dimeric (A and B subunits; facilitates entry into tissue cells)
  • Tissues affected are very defined and limited
  • Superantigens are special group of toxins
  • Often coded on planks or lysogenic phage
37
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • Protiens excerpted from the cell
  • Cause specific and widespread biological effects on the body
  • Highly potent
  • Elicit good, protective antibodies
38
Q

What are some examples of exotoxins?

A

Tetanus neurotoxin (attack motor nerves, involuntary muscle contractions)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin (diarrhea, vomiting)

Cholera toxin (massive diarrhea)

Diphtheria toxin (interferes w/ protein production in bronchial, inactivates protein production in heart muscle)

Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin (scarlet fever rash)

39
Q

What happens if their is a very high level of endotoxins in the bloodstream?

A

Can trigger very large effects (shock and death) even though it is not very potent per unit weight

40
Q

What kind of antibodies does endotoxins elicit?

A

Not very good or protective antibodies

41
Q

What do endotoxins bind to?

A

CD14 and TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) on macrophages, B-cells, other cells

42
Q

What is released upon disintegration of the cell?

A

Lipid A- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of gram- negative cell walls

43
Q

What is an example of endotoxins?

A

Gram-negative bacillus cell wall sloughs off or disintegrates

44
Q

DNA code is translated into intended enzymes and proteins (a some of which are antigens)

A

Normal genetic operation

45
Q

Extrachromosomal DNA (small, separate piece) in bacteria

A

Plasmid

46
Q

Characteristics of plasmid?

A
  • Code for some exotoxins, antibiotic resistance, invasive enzymes, etc
  • Transmitted to daughter cells during cell division
  • Passed to another bacterium during conjugation
47
Q

Viral DNA incorporated into bacterial DNA

A

Lysogeny

48
Q

Characteristics of lysogeny?

A
  • Code for some exotoxins and invasive enzymes

- Introduced by viral infection of bacteria and transmitted to daughter bacterial cells during cell division

49
Q

Pieces of genetic material from one organism are incorporated into the genetic material of another organism

A

Gene recombination

50
Q

What does gene recombination result in?

A
  • Different (new types) antigens are produced (current immunity not effective, e.g. influenza virus)
  • Causes increased resistance to antibodies
51
Q

How do bacteria gain ABX resistance?

A

Mutated genes
Plasmid encoded genes
Lysogenic virus

52
Q

What does the ABX- resistant bacterium in the community/ hospital leads to?

A

Survival of the mutant

Increasing numbers of the mutant in the population

Disease problems increase and spread to new geographic locations

53
Q

Bacterial enzyme which inactivated many beta-lactam antimicrobics (penicillin)

A

Beta lactamase

54
Q

Lab test for beta-lactamase is automatic with these bacteria and what happens I’d the report is positive?

A

Plasmid encoded gene

  • Then use an antibiotic which is resistant to Banta-lactamase
55
Q

Version that affects a larger group of antimicrobics that are typically not affected by typical beta- lactamase

A

Extended spectrum Beta- lactamase (ESBL)

56
Q

What do we consider MRSA to be resistant to?

A

All beta-lactamase antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins)

57
Q

Encodes a low-affinity penicillin binding protein (PBP2a)

A

Mutated mecA gene

58
Q

Charateristics of Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)- Carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)

A
  • Mutated genes for outer membrane poring (pore protiens) and PBP transpeptides
  • Form of beta- lactamase
  • Carried by plasmids
59
Q

What does Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)- Carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) result in?

A

Loss of drug diffusion into periplasm

Loss of cross linking activity of PBP

60
Q

What are the four global and US antimicrobial drug resistance threat 2

A

Antibiotic resistance of GLOBAL concern

URGENT threat level pathogens (USA)

SERIOUS threat level pathogens (USA)

US national strategy for combating antibiotic- Resistant Bacteria

61
Q

What are the non-specific factors of host resistance factors?

A

Innate species Immunity/ resistance

Physical/ mechanical barriers

Chemical barriers

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

62
Q

What are the specific factors of host resistance factors?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

63
Q

Examples of physical/ mechanical barriers

A
  • Skin prevents entry
  • Mucous membranes (trap invading organisms)
  • Cilia of respiratory tract (move particles to through where they are swallowed)
  • Peristaltic action of gut (moves gut contents at slow, steady pace preventing overgrowth)
  • Normal flora (occupy attachment sites and compete for nutrients)
64
Q

Examples of chemical barriers

A
  • Acid pH (stomach, skin, vagina, urine) - denatures most organisms
  • Bile salts (intestines) - inhibitory to many microbes
  • Lysozyme (tears, saliva) - digests gram- positive cell
  • Antimicrobial chemicals from normal flora
  • Interferon (type of lymphokine) - local defense by producing inhibiting substances that interfere w/ viral reproduction
65
Q

Antigen stimulated the release of biologically active substance called lymphokines and then they enhance phagocytosis and killing

A

Cell- mediated immunity

Micro Test 2- Albertson (3 decks)

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