Host factors in infection Flashcards
What NEWS score could be considered for sepsis?
A score of 5 or more along with a known infections, signs and symptoms of infection or at risk of infection.
Features of community acquired pneumonia?
Cough
Increased sputum
Chest pain
Dyspnoea (laboured breathing)
Fever
CXR with infiltrates
Acquired in the community
Pathology of community acquired pneumonia?
Organism reaches lungs > immune activation & infiltration (systemic response) > fluid & cellular build up in alveoli leads impaired gas exchange
Types of pneumonia?
Acute vs chronic
Typical vs Atypical (Community acquired)
- Typical : Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Atypical : Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Legionella pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumonia, Chlamydia psitacci, viruses etc
Hospital associated pneumonia (including ventilator associated pneumonia)
Aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia in the immunosuppressed / special populations
- Pneumocystis jiroveci, Aspergillus sp. , endemic mycoses
tuberculosis
What is the main causative organism of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae (70% of cases)
What other organisms can cause community acquired pneumonia?
Haemophilus influenzae (5%)
Atypicals and viruses (20%)
Staphylococcus aureus (4%)
Other bacteria (1%)
Diagnostic tests for community acquired pneumonia?
Sputum culture
Viral PCR
Additional tests:
- Antigen tests
- Biomarkers
What is cystic fibrosis?
Inherited disease leads to abnormally viscous mucous – blockages of many tubular structures including conducting airways & lungs.
Main clinical features of cystic fibrosis?
Repeated chest infections & chronic colonisation
Underlying pathology and pathogens involved in cystic fibrosis?
Inefficient clearance and build-up of mucus
Staph aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Strep pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia and many MANY others
Biofilm forms. Longer treatment duration
What is aspergillus and what can it lead to?
Aspergillus is a type of mould that can cause health problems in individuals with weakened immune systems or certain underlying lung conditions.
When inhaled, Aspergillus spores can lead to respiratory infections, allergic reactions, or in severe cases, invasive aspergillosis, which is a potentially life-threatening condition where the mould invades the lungs or other organs.
What group of people is invasive aspergillosis most commonly found in?
Invasive aspergillosis is most often seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, or people with conditions like HIV/AIDS.
