Host Defense/Immunity Flashcards
The type of immunity that we are born with, that,
- works regardless of what the invader is
- physical and chemical barriers eg skin, mucous
- cellular responses eg phagocytosis by white blood cells, inflammation
- soluble mediators like cytokines, complement, proteins
- immediate response
Innate Immunity
The name of specific or acquired immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Antibodies (Ab) are an example of adaptive immunity. What other word describes antibodies, starting with H……
Humoral
Are cell mediated responses innate or adaptive immunity?
Adaptive
Name the 2 main components of blood
Plasma (clear stuff, 50%)
Cells (x 3 types)
Erythrocytes are commonly called ……
Red blood cells or rbc. 40 - 45% of total blood volume. Carry Hb!
White blood cells are also called….
Leucocytes - immunity! Only about 1% of blood volume.
What are the blood cells responsible for clotting?
Platelets. Only about 1% of blood volume.
Haematopoiesis is the development of which blood cells? Where and how does it occur?
White blood cells - mostly begins in bone marrow of the long bones. They then move into the bloodstream and then into tissues.
What are the 5 types of leucocytes?
- Neutrophils (most abundant) = Phagocytosis (the pus cell) = Bacterial infections
- Lymphocytes (adaptive) = B Cells/T Cells = Viral infections / cancer
- Monocytes = migrate to skin/tissues = macrophages/dendrites
- Eosinophils = Parasites / Allergy response
- Basophil = Role in allergic reactions
Why is it helpful to know which type of leucocyte has elevated in a sick patient?
The type of leucocyte indicates what is causing the infection eg lymphocyte = viral infection
What is a normal white blood cell (leucocyte) count?
4 “/L
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are similar in what way?
They are granulocytes (have granules in cytoplasm of cell)
Neutrophils are the ____ cell. They are _____-lobed (nucleus) and have ______ in their cytoplasm. They target ______.
Pus Cell
Multi-lobed
Granules
Bacteria
Eosinophils target _______. They have ____ lobes (nucleus) and have _____ in their cytoplasm.
Parasites
2 lobes
Granules
Basophils play a role in _______ _______. They have big blue _______ in their cytoplasm.
Allergy response
Granules
How to lymphocytes recognise an infectious particle?
By recognising antigens
Antigens (Ag) stands for the combination of two words…..
Antibody + Generation
What are antigens?
Antigens are components of cell walls, that generate an immune response (typically proteins called antibodies)
What is another term used to describe antibodies?
Immunoglobulin
Are antibodies part of the building blocks of the body, or are they functional proteins?
Functional
Are antibodies considered innate or adaptive immunity?
Adaptive - they only target specific antigens
True or false - antibodies:
- enhance phagocytosis
- enhance complement mediated killing
- neutralise toxins
- prevent pathogen attachment
True - they kill free-living bacteria!
Name 4 different types on human antibodies
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs in humans, where lymphocytes are born?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Where do lymphocytes encounter antigens, after leaving the bone marrow or thymus?
Secondary lymphoid organs:
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - respiratory/gut
How to lymphocytes become effector and memory cells?
They encounter antigen and are stimulated to become these. This happens in the spleen, lymph nodes and MALT. They get with antigens and then produce compounds for immunity.
How do cellular components fight infection?
Kill viruses inside cells
What are 2 examples of INNATE cells & mediators?
- NK cells
- Complement proteins
What are 2 examples of ADAPTIVE cells and tissues?
- B Cells (make antibodies for bacterial infection)
- T Cells (fight viruses, provide cancer protection)
Cytokines are ________ messengers
chemical
What are the 4 immune responses needed by the body, to prevent becoming immunocompromised?
- External barrier (skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium, intestine)
- Innate immune response (macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells)
- Adaptive immune response (B cells/antibodies, T cells)
- Memory response (prevents re-infection)
What am I?
A substance present in normal serum which combines with an antigen-antibody complex to destroy bacteria.
Complement
