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Immunology Exam II > Host Defense > Flashcards

Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Host Defense

A

innate + adaptive immunity to eliminate microbes

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2
Q

5 types of microbes

A
  • extracellular/intracellular bacteria
  • fungi
  • viruses
  • parasites
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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

early defense, no memory generated

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

longer to develop, antigen-specific, have a memory response

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5
Q

How does extracellular bacteria destroy tissue

A

induce inflammation and some release toxins

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6
Q

What is the 1st line of defense against extracellular bacteria (innate immunity)?

A

phagocytosis (because phagocytes live in the same hood)

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7
Q

Alternative complement pathway

A

bacterial cell wall components can activate complement to lyse or opsonize bacteria. effective against extracellular bacteria

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8
Q

What is the first line of defense for adaptive immunity against extracellular bacteria

A

antibodies

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9
Q

Polysaccharide capsules

A

resist phagocytosis

inhibit alternative pathway complement activation

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10
Q

Septic Shock

A

often caused by gram neg bacteria (but some positive as well)
induce macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor and IL-1

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11
Q

Superantigens

A

bind to class II MHC proteins on antigen presenting cells and also to the Valpha and Vbeta chains on T cells, causing T cell activation

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12
Q

Response of innate immunity against intracellular bacteria

A
  • not very effective

- NK cells are activated by IL-12, which produces interferon gamma to activate macrophages

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13
Q

Response of adaptive immunity against intracellular bacteria

A

DTH-like (type IV) reaction

  • TH1 cells activated
  • release interferon gamma
  • activate macrophages
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14
Q

Granulomas in adaptive immunity against intracellular bacteria

A

Happens when the organisms persist for a long time

Activated macrophages surround microbes and form a granuloma

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15
Q

Mycobacterium

A

(causes TB and leprosy)

-inhibits fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes and may scavenge reactive oxygen intermediates to prevent bacterial killing

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16
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

disrupt phagosome, escapes into cytosol

17
Q

Deleterious effects of immune response against intracellular bacteria

A

granuloma formation can really fuck with tissue function, especially if it’s in the lungs.

18
Q

Viruses

A

obligate intracellular microbes that pirate host cell’s machinery

19
Q

Cytopathic effect

A

when viruses lyse host cells

20
Q

Innate immunity against viruses

A

Type 1 IFN (alpha and beta)

21
Q

Type 1 IFN (alpha and beta)

A 
upregulate expression of class I MHC
activate NK cells
22
Q

NK cells against viruses

A

Once the MHC 1 is gone they can kill the infected cell.

23
Q

Humoral immunity against viruses

A

CTL is most effective
activate complement to lyse viral envelopes
prior exposure leads to B lymphocyte production

24
Q

How does HIV evade immunity

A

has a ton of antigenic variable due to all the point mutations
infect and kill CD4+T cells, preventing immune response

25
Q

What are deleterious effects of immune system fighting against viruses

A

CTL can destroy liver

Some viruses cause molecular mimicry

26
Q

Main mediate of innate immunity against fungi

A

neutrophils. Neutropenic people have a higher risk for fungi problems

27
Q

Adaptive immunity against fungi

A

Th1-mediated immunity is the most important

importance of antibody not well established

28
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

eliminated by CTLs

29
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

granuloma formation

30
Q

Innate immunity against parasites

A

macrophages phagocyze

31
Q

How are helminthic infestations dealt with

A

IgE and eosinophils during ADCC (Th2 immunity)

32
Q

How is plasmodium dealt with

A

Th1-mediated CTLs

33
Q

Deleterious effects of immune response against parasites

A

filarial infection that causes elephantiasis
chronic parasite infections cause vasculitis and nephritis
chistosoma mansoni eggs cause portal hypertension and cirrhosis

Immunology Exam II (8 decks)

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