Host defence against parasites Flashcards
Example for avoiding situation risk
leaf cutter ant shifts activity to night
Example for avoiding conspecifics
house mouse (attacked by protzoan parasite) sniff conspecifics as odour can reveal infection
Describe mammal skin, how is it adapted to risk infection
- thick, elastic and waterproof
- secretes selsun to lubricate skin
- thick with intricate system of connective tissue fibres
Describe fish and frog skin
firmly attached to muscles
- sensory in function
- loads of layers of epithelial cells
How do mucous membranes protect against infection?
entrap foreign particles
How are chemical barriers used as a means of infection prevention?
- lysozymes
- sebaceous gland
- commensal organisms in gut and vagina
- acid in stomach
- cilia lines trachea
How is auto/ allo grooming used?
- physical removal of parasites by self or conspecifics
Where is decreased social contact seen as an infection prevention strategy?
mice
Grammia caterpillars show self medication against parasitoids by ingestion of ___ toxins.
alkaloid
3 post infection consequence reduction methods
1) auto/allo grooming
2) decrease social contact or self isolation
3) self medication
Components of innate immune response
1) defensins (antibacterial compounds in epithelium)
2) complement system (opsonises pathogens)
3) innate neutrophil cells and macrophages
4) major histocompatibility cmplex
Components of adaptive immune response, only found in___ vertebrates.
- somatic remcombination of T and B cells to express RAG1 and RAG2
- jawed
Distinguish between humoral and cell mediated immunity
humoral uses B lymphocytes
T cells help _ cells, causing peptide specific B cells to proliferate and therefore developing ___ for antigens via clonal ____.
B
specificity
selection
How do parasites evade immune response?
- parasites can release immunomodulatory proteins
- most ectoparasites aren’t attached for long enough
- some areas of body are protected from immune response
