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CSI 1a > Hospital-Associated Infections > Flashcards

Hospital-Associated Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are HAIs?

A

Infections that patients get while receiving treatment for medical or surgical conditions, many preventable

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2
Q

What are examples of places to acquire a healthcare associated infection?

A

Acute care hospitals, GPs, ambulances, dialysis, outpatient, long term care, hospice

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3
Q

What is a CLABSI?

A

A central line-associated bloodstream infection, serious, pathogens enter bloodstream through central line

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4
Q

What is an MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria resistant to many antibiotics, causes life-threatening bloodstream infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections

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5
Q

What are some risk factors for HAIs?

A

Crowding, antibiotic use, medical procedures, patient characteristics (gender, age, genetics), length of stay, behaviour of healthcare staff, healthcare facility

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6
Q

What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?

A
  1. Infectious agent or germ
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Susceptible host
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7
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

The habitat that the pathogen or germ grows, multiplies, and lives.

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8
Q

What is a human reservoir?

A

Human to human, no intermediate

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9
Q

What is an animal reservoir?

A

Pathogens in animals (e.g. COVID)

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10
Q

What are examples of environmental reservoirs?

A

Plants, soil, water

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11
Q

What is a the portal of exit?

A

The path by which a pathogen leaves its reservoir/host (e.g. influenza - respiratory tract in cough)

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12
Q

What are the two examples of modes of transmission?

A
  1. Direct transmission
  2. Indirect transmission
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13
Q

What are the two examples of direct transmission?

A
  1. Direct contact (skin to skin, kissing, intercourse)
  2. Droplet spread (spray, aerosols, coughing, talking)
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14
Q

What are the three examples of indirect transmission?

A
  1. Suspended air particles (airborne indirect transmission, dust or droplet nuclei)
  2. Inanimate objects (vehicle borne indirect transmission)
  3. Animate intermediates (vector borne indirect transmission)
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15
Q

What are the two examples of animate intermediates?

A
  1. Mechanical (e.g. rats)
  2. Biological - when pathogen reproduces within biological intermediate (e.g. mosquitos, ticks)
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16
Q

What is the portal of entry?

A

Access to tissues for pathogen to multiple (skin, mucus membranes, fecal oral, blood)

17
Q

What factors affect host susceptibility?

A
  1. Genetic/constitutional factors
  2. Specific immunity (infection, vaccine, transplacental)
  3. Non-specific immunity
18
Q

What are examples of non-specific immunity for susceptible host?

A
  1. Skin, mucous membranes, gastric acidity, cilia in respiratory tract, cough reflex
  2. Acquired - malnutrition, alcoholism, disease, therapy
19
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Resistance to spread of infectious disease within a population based on pre-existing immunity of high proportion of individuals as result of previous infection or vaccination.

20
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Sepsis - body’s extreme reaction to infection
shock - imbalance in supply and demand

21
Q

What are the three steps in septic shock?

A
  1. Blood pressure drops
  2. Tachycardia (increase in heart rate)
  3. Respiratory rate goes up
22
Q

What are the four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Altered target site
  2. Decreased drug accumulation
  3. Altered metabolism profile
  4. Inactivation of antibiotic
23
Q

What does the altered target site involve?

A

Change in structure of site the antibiotic inhibits

24
Q

What does decreased drug accumulation involve?

A

Pump out antibiotic/reduced penetration

25
Q

What does altered metabolism profile involve?

A

Different enzyme/pathway/decreasing steps

26
Q

What does inactivation of antibiotic involve?

A

Enzymatic degradation

27
Q

What is the betalactam mechanism?

A

Betalactam binds to the cell wall and inhibits cell wall synthesis, ruining cell wall integrity

28
Q

What is beta lactamase?

A

An enzyme that bacteria has evolved which can break down the betalactam ring in antibiotics, inactivating it

29
Q

How can beta lactamase be prevented?

A

Using beta lactamase inhibitors (like Co amoxiclav = amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) with antibiotics

30
Q

What are the 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A
  1. Before touching patient
  2. Before a clean/aseptic technique
  3. After body fluid exposure
  4. After touching a patient
  5. After touching a patient’s surroundings
31
Q

What is Candour?

A

Legal duty to be open and honest with patients, or families when something goes wrong that appears to have caused or could lead to significant harm in the future

CSI 1a (8 decks)

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