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MG 2024 > Horticulture & Soils Terms > Flashcards

Horticulture & Soils Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that carries water and minerals upward in plants. It is closer to the top of a leaf than the Phloem.

2 types in woody plants:
- Sapwood is active xylem
- Heartwood is inactive Xylem

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2
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that moves sugars through plants. It’s closer to the bottom of a leaf than Xylem. This is why aphids like leaf undersides.

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3
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Merestematic tissue that can become Xylem or Phloem cells. It sits between the two.

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4
Q

Meristem tissue

A

Tissue that can develop into other tissues. Includes Apical (shoot & root tips, buds) and Lateral (cambium)

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5
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Meristematic tissue found in shoot tips, root tips, axillary buds. It enables the plant to develop new tissue and grow taller (vs wider).

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6
Q

Lateral Meristem

A

Meristematic tissue that helps plants develop greater width ( vs height). Includes vascular cambium and cork cambium.

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7
Q

Crown

A

The transition zone between the roots and the shoot.

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8
Q

Palisade cells

A

Long cells just below the upper epidermis that contain most of the chloroplasts.

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9
Q

Stomata

A

An opening on the underside of a leaf that is involved in transpiration. Stomata are surrounded by guard cells which facilitate opening & closing.

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10
Q

Monocotyledon / Monocot
(list key characteristics)

A

A class of flowering plants (grasses, Lilies, orchids, palms)

  • One seed leaf (cotyledon)
  • Parallel venation
  • Flower and sepal petals come in 3s
  • Vascular tissue is scattered thru stem (typically no cambia)
  • fibrous roots (no tap root)
  • Herbaceous
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11
Q

Dicotyledon / Dicot
(List key traits)

A

A class of flowering plants

  • 2 seed leaves ( cotyledons)
  • Branched venation ( palmate or pinnate)
  • Flower & sepal petals in 4s or 5s
  • Vascular tissue is in a circular pattern or in a ring
  • have tap roots
  • not herbaceous
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12
Q

Variety

A

A species sub-classification that is naturally occurring in the wild (vs cultivated)

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13
Q

Cultivar

A

A human developed variety (cultivated variety)

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14
Q

Clone

A

One of a group of genetically identical plants that originate from a single individual and are reproduced by vegetative means (cuttings, grafts).

A cloned is a specific type of cultivar.

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15
Q

Hybrid

A

The progeny of a cross between individuals that differ by one or more specific genes.

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16
Q

Spermatophyte

A

A Division of Seed bearing plants. Includes both:

Gymnosperms - plants whose seeds are exposed at the base of scales (cones) and don’t flower

Angiosperms - flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in a dry or fleshy fruit that develops from the ovary.

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17
Q

Annuals

A

Plants that complete their full lifecycle (seed, flowering, reseeding) in one year or season.

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18
Q

Biennials

A

Plants that complete their lifecycle over 2 years or growing seasons. Reproduction takes place in the second year.

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19
Q

Perennials

A

Plants that continue growing for multiple years. Reproduction doesn’t start until the plant reaches maturity.

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20
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of CO2 & H2O to glucose and O2 in the presence of light and chlorophyll.

Transformation of light energy into stored chemical energy.

Only occurs in tissues with chlorophyll.

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21
Q

Respiration

A

Controlled breakdown of carbohydrates for use as energy.
Essentially the reverse of photosynthesis
Occurs in all living tissues, even dormant and post harvest tissues.

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22
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporative loss of H2O vapor via the stomata.

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23
Q

Translocation

A

The movement of H2O, minerals, food etc from one part of the plant to another.
Mainly takes place in Xylem and Phloem.

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24
Q

Plant Hormones / Phytohormones
(list them)

A

Auxins- cell enlargement, shoot growth, suppress lateral bud development
Gibberellins- cell division, stem elongation, flowering
Cytokinins- cell division
Ethylene- accelerates ripening, senescence
Abscisic acid- regulates dormancy in shoots/seeds, stomata closing

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25
Q

Apical dominance

A

A phenomenon in plants where a top shoot (apical) dominates and inhibits the outgrowth of other (lateral) shoots.

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26
Q

Vegetative growth stages

A

Development of root, stem, or leaf tissues

  1. Seed germination - beginning of growth & development. Starts when a seed takes in H2O and ends when the seedling is self sustaining
  2. Juvenility- from seedling stage to maturity. Vigorous growth stage.
  3. Maturity- when the plant is fully developed & capable of initiating flowers. Bulbs, tubers, fleshy roots & runners also can develop at this stage.
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27
Q

Reproductive development stages (list)

A

Development of flower, fruit, and seed tissues.

Flower induction- begins when meristems (buds, shoots) are induced to produce reproductive organs (flowers). Ends with fruit formation or senescence.

Flower & fruit development- pollination, fertilization, fruit set

Fruit ripening- sugars & aromatic compounds accumulate to contribute to flavor.

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28
Q

Vernalization

A

The induction of the flowering process by exposure to long periods of cold.

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29
Q

Hardening

A

Toughening plants for transplant by gradual sun exposure and withholding H2O, nitrogen fertilizer

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30
Q

Petiole

A

The stalk that joins a leaf blade to a stem.
Supports leaves turning to collect the sun.
Not all leaves have petioles.

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31
Q

Lamina

A

The leaf blade in a monocot (grass), which sits above the collar (meristematic tissue) and sheath (stem).

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32
Q

Collar

A

A band of meristematic tissue in monocots that sits above the Sheath (stem) and below the Lamina (blade).

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33
Q

Sheath

A

The name for the stem in monocots (grasses). It sits below the Collar and Lamina ( leaf blade).

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34
Q

Perfect Flowers

A

Have both male and female parts. Most plants have perfect flowers.
Male parts- STAMEN: anther; filament
Female parts- PISTIL: stigma, style, ovary

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35
Q

Imperfect Flowers

A

Have either male or female parts, not both.

Male only- Staminate
Female only- Pistilate

Monoecious- male and female flowers are separate but on the same plant

Dioecious- male and female flowers are on different plants.

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36
Q

Composite flowers

A

Have a head of flowers that looks like a single flower but is comprised of many smaller flowers (florets). The Daisy family is a good example.

Ray flowers (male)
Disk flowers (female)

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37
Q

Abiotic

A

Physical rather than biological.

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38
Q

Plant Taxonomy. (List)

A

Division Domain
Subdivision. Kingdom
Class. Phylum
Order. Order
Family. Family
Genus. Genus
Species. Species

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39
Q

Sink

A

Structures within a plant that receive food priority; includes meristems and fruits

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40
Q

Fruit

A

Plant part that contains a mature, swollen ovary and the seed

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41
Q

Seeds

A

Contain embryonic plant tissue in a dormant state with food reserves to sustain it through germination

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42
Q

Sepal

A

Small leaflike structures at the base of flowers. Sits above the receptacle. (Examples- cap on a tomato or a strawberry)

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43
Q

Receptacle

A

Sits below the sepal. This is where the floral structures are attached to the plant

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44
Q

Buds

A

Meristematic structures along the stem comprised of compressed, immature leafy shoots, flowers or both.

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45
Q

Internode

A

The interval on the stem between the nodes

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46
Q

Floral induction

A

The process in which the apical meristem (growing tip) of a flowering plant switches from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and becomes competent to develop flowers.

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47
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the female style, ovary , or flower to enable fertilization

48
Q

Stamen

A

The male reproductive parts of a flower, comprising the anther and the filament

49
Q

Pistil

A

The female parts of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary

50
Q

Monoecious

A

Angiosperms in which the male and female flowers are on the same plant.

51
Q

Dioecious

A

Angiosperms in which the male and female flowers are on separate plants.

52
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure exerted by fluids in a cell that pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall, giving rigidity to the plant tissue.

53
Q

Pectin

A

A polysaccharide that serves as a cementing agent between cells

54
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Arise from some part of the plant other than roots.

55
Q

Compound leaf

A

Has multiple petioles and blade segments that are called leaflets.

56
Q

Stratification

A

Species that need exposure to cold temps (< 45) to germinate

57
Q

Radicle

A

First thing to emerge from a germinating seed- a tiny bit of root

58
Q

Hypocotyl

A

Structure that emerges from a germinating seed and becomes the stem

59
Q

Cotyledons

A

First leaves to emerge from a germinating seed. They don’t photosynthesize though, just give stored energy to feed the growing plant until the true leaves come out.

60
Q

Tilth

A

A measure of Soil fitness as medium for growing plants

61
Q

Soil Texture

A

The relative proportions of Sand, Silt, and clay mineral particles

62
Q

Adsorption (in soils)

A

The attraction of ions or molecules to the surface of a solid (such as soil).

Ex. Clay soil carries a net negative charge and attracts positively charged ions (Mg, Ca, K, NH4 etc. )

63
Q

Absorption

A

Active or passive movement into something. Example- movement of ions or water into roots

64
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity. (CEC)

A

Measures the amount of cations that can be adsorbed or held by a soil.

It’s important because when cations are released from the soil they can be available for absorption by roots. Higher capacity= more fertile soil.

65
Q

Bulk Density (in soils)

A

A measure of the air or pore space in a soil (it does not measure pore size though)

66
Q

Soil Structure

A

The way in which groups of soil particles (aggregates or peds) are arranged.

67
Q

Clorpt Equation

A

A measure of factors influencing soil formation:

CLimate
Organisms
Relief
Parent material
Time

68
Q

Soil Saprophytes

A

Beneficial micro organisms ( bacteria & fungi). That decompose organic material into humus and available nutrients.

69
Q

Microrrhizae

A

Associations between plant roots and soil fungi. >75% of plants form these associations. Most are beneficial to both organisms.

70
Q

Soil Moisture Tension (SMT)

A

The strength of soil water adhesion

71
Q

Field Capacity (FC)

A

The max amount of water a soil can hold against the downward force of gravity after a soil has been saturated.

72
Q

Permanent Wilting Capacity (PWC)

A

The amount of water remaining in the soil when the water in the soil is held too tightly for plants to absorb it and plants wilt permanently

73
Q

Plant-available Water

A

The soil water held between FC (field capacity) and PWP (permanent wilt percentage

74
Q

Leaching

A

The loss of water , dissolved nutrients, and salts that move down into the soil profile beyond the root zone.

75
Q

Infiltration

A

When water moves into the soil and doesn’t run off.

76
Q

Percolation

A

Movement of water THROUGH the soil, deeper into the soil horizon.

it is often accompanied by leaching.

77
Q

Mineral Particles

A

Sand, silt, clay

78
Q

Organic Matter

A

Carbon-based compounds; living organisms in the soil, roots, anything that was once alive and in the process of or already has decomposed.

79
Q

Agregates

A

Sand, silt, clay, and organic matter bound together into water-stable aggregates.

They can look like peas or cottage cheese in the soil.

80
Q

Physical Soil Structure

A

How the parent rock breaks apart, related to how water is able to move through the soil.

81
Q

Biological Soil Structure.

A

The arrangement of aggregates built by the microbial community so there is space for H2O & gas to move into and be held in pore spaces and move deeper into The soil.

82
Q

Pores

A

Space where H2O & gas can be held in soil.

83
Q

Nutrient

A

Substance that provides nourishment, promotes growth, or provides energy to sustain life.

84
Q

pH

A

The potential of hydrogen. The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

The relative concentration of H+ and OH- ions in soil.

85
Q

Soil Solution

A

Free flowing water in the soil that occupies soil pore spaces and contains nutrients, microbes etc.

86
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge

87
Q

Cation

A

An ion with a net positive electrical charge

88
Q

Anion

A

An ion with a net negative electrical charge

89
Q

Soil Food Web

A

All living organisms and how they interact in the soil

90
Q

Microbes

A

Organisms so small they require a microscope to be seen.

Main soil microbes:
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Nematodes
Microarthropods

91
Q

Nutrient Cycling
(in the soil food web)

A

The way nutrients change form as they go through different organisms

92
Q

Rhizosphere

A

The area immediately around plant roots comprising roots and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi.

93
Q

Exudates

A

The substances that come out of roots , many of which are the result of photosynthesis.

94
Q

Saprotrophic Organisms

A

Organisms that decompose organic matter and can extract minerals from parent rock.

Also known as decomposers.

95
Q

Symbiosis

A

Organisms that associate with other organisms, typically in a mutually beneficial way.

96
Q

Pedogenesis

A

How soil forms

97
Q

Soil Profile

A

The combination of layers or soil ‘horizons’ of a given soil. Most soils have 3 major horizons (A,B,C).

O- humus or organic
A- topsoil
E- eluviated
B- subsoil
C- parent soil
R- bedrock (not part of the soil)

98
Q

Soil Degradation

A

Process that impairs the capacity of soil to function. Can be caused by humans or nature.

Examples: Salinization, contamination, desertification, erosion.

99
Q

Rhizophagy

A

A cyclical nutrient uptake mechanism in which plant roots engulf microbes, extract nutrients and then expel them into the rhizosphere to repeat the cycle.

100
Q

Mulch

A

Material put on top of soil.

Can be carbon based (wood chips, bark, straw) which hold moisture in.

Can be mineral based like pebbles, rock dust, or sand.

101
Q

Compost

A

Organic matter that has been broken down, usually under aerobic conditions, so that the original material is no longer recognizable.

Can be completely plant based or contain animal manure.

102
Q

Amendment

A

A substance added to soil to alter one or more of its physical, chemical or biological properties.

Examples; compost, worm castings, manure, wood fines, coir, lime, gypsum.

103
Q

Fertilizer

A

Commonly used to mean an organic or synthetic substance added to soil to provide plants with essential nutrients.

Labeled with NPK ratio (by weight)

104
Q

Organic fertilizer

A

Fertilizers that contain carbon. Microbes may be required to make the fertilizer available to plants.

105
Q

Synthetic Fertilizer

A

Chemically manufactured materials containing one or more essential nutrients. The nutrients are in a form the plant can directly take up.

106
Q

IPM
(Integrated Pest Management)

A

An ecosystem based strategy that focuses on long term prevention of pests and disease/damage.

Uses biological, cultural, mechanical/physical, and chemical controls in a way that minimizes risks to the health of humans, beneficial organisms, and the environment.

107
Q

Biocide

A

A chemical compound or biological product used to kill, control growth, or repel a specific organism.

Includes; herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides.

108
Q

Raised Bed

A

A structure that sits on top of the soil rather than an impermeable surface. Water and roots can move into the soil below.

109
Q

Container

A

A vessel either with a bottom or that sits on a solid surface like concrete or asphalt.

110
Q

Hydrophobic Soil

A

Soil that does not absorb water.

111
Q

Soil Compaction

A

Has reduced pore space making it difficult for water and air to penetrate

Is difficult to irrigate and may erode due to water runoff.

112
Q

Minerals in Soil

A

Sand, silt, clay and larger materials; lava rock, pebbles, vermiculite, perlite.

Will not break down significantly over time. Can become compacted if not cared for.

113
Q

Organic matter in soil

A

Consists of plant or animal tissue in various stages of decomposition (compost, woody amendment, coir, organic fertilizers).

Serves as food for microbes, which may cause the soil level to drop.

114
Q

Mineral Amendments

A

Inorganic soil additives examples; greensand (K and Fe), gypsum (Sulfer and Ca), and lime (Ca). Some impact soil pH.

115
Q

Carbon Sequestration

A

The process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide. Goal is to stabilize Carbon in solid and dissolved forms to minimize impact on global warming.

116
Q

Albedo

A

Describes the reflectivity of a surface.

117
Q

Urban Heat Island

A

Urbanized areas that experience higher temps than outlying areas.

Roads, buildings, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the suns heat more so than natural landscapes.

MG 2024 (2 decks)

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