HORT 201 - CUMULATIVE Flashcards
_____ is the area of horticulture that concerns the production of flowering and foliage plants?
floriculture
Which of the following is a tissue found in the ground tissue system?
Cortex
Which cell type has tough, hard, lignified secondary cell walls?
Sclerenchyma
The cell wall primarily is composed of a matrix of fibers of polysaccharides called _____.
Cellulose
Where is oil stored in cells?
Elaioplast
Proteins are synthesized on the surface of which of the following organelles?
Ribosome
The membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell is called the _____.
Plasmalemma
Which of the following would you find a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?
Plastid
The “metabolic workers” that catalyze all biochemical reactions and synthesis of compounds in living cells are called _____.
Enzymes
When the A (adenine. of DNA binds to RNA in the process of DNA replication, which of the following is the proper paring?
A-U
During the process of protein synthesis, the amino acid is delivered to the ribosome by _____.
tRNA
The genetic code is the sequence of _____ in DNA.
Nucleic acids
Which meristem gives rise to the secondary xylem (e.g. wood. of stems of woody trees?
Vascular cambium
Which plant type is characterized by long, linear leaves with parallel venation, and can never be woody?
Monocot
The part of the stem that occurs between the nodes is called _____.
Internode
Vascular bundles contain ____ and ____.
Xylem and phloem
In a woody dicot stem in secondary growth, where would you find the periderm?
As the outer protective layer of the stem
In a root in primary growth, what ring of cells is surrounded by a Casparian strip and regulates absorption by the root?
Endodermis
A leaf blade is connected to the stem by a stalk called the ____.
Petiole
The ____ is the part of the stem where the leaves are attached.
Node
A sycamore leaf has several major veins that diverge (branch out. in a finger-like fashion) from the union of the petiole and leaf blade. This is called _____ venation.
Palmate
A _____ compound leaf has leaflets that arise in a feather-like manner along both sides of a rachis
Pinnately
_____ are pores in the leaf for absorption of carbon dioxide and gas exchange
Stoma
The _____ is the swollen base of the pistil of the flower, and contains the ovule and egg
Ovary
Holly berries come from flowers that contain a pistil, petals, and sepals, therefore the flower is ____.
imperfect and incomplete
A _____ is an individual flattened, sack-like membrane inside chloroplasts that comprise the grana
Thylakoid
Plastids that contain chlorophyll are called _____.
Chloroplast
When a water molecule splits in the process of photosynthesis which of the following is produced?
all are produced. electron, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Which reaction of photosynthesis contains the electron transport chain?
light reaction
Which reaction of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a by-product?
light reaction
Where does the light reaction of photosynthesis occur?
Grana of chloroplast
During photosynthesis, what is the name of the compound that absorbs light?
Chlorophyll
When does the light reaction of photosynthesis occur?
Only during the light
Which reaction of photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide?
Dark reaction
What is the primary source of metabolic energy for the dark reaction?
ATP
Which region of a dicot lead is specialized for photosynthesis
Palisade parenchyma
Which plants close their stomata during the day?
CAM plants only
Where do CAM plants get their name?
CAM stands for Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
C4 plants are grasses and grain crops. And grains are major crops that “feed the world.” Why are grain crops so productive and thus “feed the world”?
They have an advantage during photosynthesis because they release extra CO2 into the bundle sheath to enhance photosynthesis
Which lights are the worst to use indoors?
Incandescent
Why are plants green?
Plants reflect or transmit green light, and therefore appear green
Which equation is this? 6CO2 + 6H20 = ^C6H12O6 + 6O2
This is the net equation for photosynthesis
Which reaction of respiration occurs in the matrix or stroma of the mitochondria?
Krebs cycle
When does anaerobic fermentation occur?
Only when oxygen is absent
Which reaction of respiration uses glucose?
Glycolysis
When a fruit ripens, its rate of respiration ______.
Increases
If you increase the level of carbon dioxide around a fruit, its rate of respiration ____.
Decreases
One of the reasons hypobaric storage is very effective is because it removes_____, which is the hormone that triggers ripening of fruit.
Ethylene
It is a good idea to store fresh fruits and vegetables under zero oxygen
False
_____ is a type of storage where produce, such as salads, are stored in a special plastic bag containing the proper mixture of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide to decrease respiration
Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
Charles Darwin proposed that plants contain hormones when he observed _____ in plants
Phototropism
In practice, the naturally occurring forms of hormones usually are more effective than the synthetic forms of horticulture
True
The site of production of auxin is _____.
Shoot tips (emerging young leaves)
Which of the following is a synthetic cytokinin?
benzyl adenine (BA)
_____ will stimulate the formation of adventitious shoots in tissue culture
Cytokinin
The herbicide 2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a(an)
Auxin
Which hormone stimulates cytokinesis?
Cytokinin
Which hormone is responsible for apical dominance in plants?
Auxin
Which hormone is a gas?
Ethylene
Biennials, such as bluebonnets, can be induced to flower with _____.
Gibberellic Acid (GA)
Which hormone or hormones can cause leaf abscission?
both ethylene and abscisic acid
Cucumber plants are monoecious, and if you spray a flowering cucumber plant with gibberellic acid, it will make more _____.
Male flowers
Which hormone causes stoma to close, especially during a drought?
Abscisic Acid
Bromeliads, such as pineapple, can be induced to flower with _____.
Ethylene
Ethephon is a synthetic form of _____.
Ethylene
_____ is a qualitative measure of the amount of heat energy present
Temperature
A _____ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 Farenheit
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
The heat of fusion of water is _____
80 cal/g
The greenhouse effect is responsible for warming the earth, which is due to the atmosphere trapping ____ radiation
long wavelength infrared
In a fan-and-pad cooling systems used in greenhouses, fans pull air across wet pads to evaporate water and cool the greenhouse. This relies on the high _____ of water.
Heat of vaporization
What will be the temperature of a mixture of well stirred ice and liquid water?
32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 Celsius)
Which form of radiation is most easily absorbed and converted into heat energy?
Infrared
Which climatic zone is between the Artic Circle and the North Pole, and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole?
Arctic Climatic Zone
The Tropic of Cancer is the _____ latitude
23.5 degree North
On average, the minimum average temperature is _____
just before sunrise
The optimum temperature for growth of cool-season crops is _____.
65-75 F (18-24 C)
Which is the maximum cardinal temperature for growth of most plants?
90-96 F (32-36 C)
One of the major ways that high temperatures damage plants in desiccation
True
Which is the best way to decrease advective freeze damage?
Plant selection of cold hardy plants adapted to your zone
During a radiational freeze, a temperature inversion occurs, which is a ___ air mass above a ___ air mass
warm / cold
If the low temperature is predicted to be 26 F and the dew point is 35 F, which type of frost would you predict in the morning?
White frost
Tall fans in a fruit orchard can mix the air and prevent a radiational freeze
True
What triggers or causes quiescence?
unfavorable enviornment
What is the first signal that plants perceive to tell them winter is approaching?
decreasing day lengths of late summer / early fall
‘Macintoch’ apples have a 1400 hour chilling requirement. If you planted ‘Macintoch’ apples in College Station, which is a 600 hour zone, what would happen?
flower late and poorly, if at all
As you go north in the U.S., does the chilling zone get longer or shorter in hours of chilling temperatures accumulated?
longer
_____ is a cold treatment (32-45 F) for 4-12 weeks required to trigger or initiate flowering in biennials
Vernalization
Which form of energy transfer is light?
Radiation
Which is the cheapest and the most common instrument used to measure light intensity?
Photometer
______ is elongated, pale green to yellowish growth due to low light intensity or darkness
Etiolation
A shade plant or an acclimatized sun plant will have ____ light compensation point compared to a non-acclimatized sun plant
a lower
One method to acclimatize a plant for indoors is to give the plants a final period of greatly reduced light. How long does it take?
4-6 weeks
In the concept of the atmospheric window, which form of radiation comes through the atmosphere relatively unaffected?
Visible
If you shine a red light on a plant, it will cause phytochrome to be in which form?
Pfr
Some seeds will only germinate when exposed to certain types of light. Which type of light will cause light requiring seeds to germinate?
All will cause germination
A _____ exhibits its photoperiodic response when the length of night is shorter than a certain critical night length. (Think about the definition in the book but change to the night instead of day length).
long-day plant
Today sunrise was at 6:46 am and sunset will be at 6:27 pm. Thus, today plants will perceive a photoperiod of _____.
11 hr 41 min
What is the recommended method to stop a long-day plant from flowering during the summer?
Add black cloth to lengthen the night
What is the name of the compound that allows plants to determine whether they are in the day or the night?
Phytochrome
Plants use photoperiod to determine ______.
Plats use photoperiod to determine all of the above.
when the sun rises and sets
conditions favorable for photosynthesis
depth of planting
