Horse

Question 1

male repro exams

Answer 1

pre purchase
before breeding season
infertility work up
after injury
import/export

Question 2

breeding soundness exam - male

Answer 2

physical -
vision
CV
lameness
nervous system - ataxia
genetic conditions - cyrptorchidism
external genitalia - penis, prepuce, scotum, testes - testes should be firm and homogenous, testes size and scrotal circumference (ultrasound or calipers)

sperm assessment -
volume - correlated with testes mass , estimated from circumference, width and testes volume
urospermia
hemospermia
odor
colour
concentration
total number of sperm
motility
pH
morphology
cytology
bacteriology/virology

libido and mating behaviours -
identify female
achieve erection
mount
intromission
ejaculation

Question 3

oligospermia/azoospermia

Answer 3

no sperm

obstructive disease
testicular degeneration
testicular hypoplasia
overuse

Question 4

common pathologies - male

Answer 4

infectious disease -
contagious equine metritis
klebsiella pneumonia
psudomoas aerougnosa
equine viral arteritis

physical -
hydrocoele/hametocoele
inguinal hernia
orchitis/epididymitis
testicular degeneration - testosterone production often continues - injury caused by temperature, toxins, nutrition, vascular disease, systemic and local infection, neoplasia, age, endocrine changes
scrotal oedema
thermal injury to testes

vesicular adenitis - bulls and stallions
prostatitis
prostatic hyperplasia/neoplasia
congenital defects - rare

Question 5

epididymitis

Answer 5

usually tail end
brucella common cause

contagious epididymitis in rams

Question 6

cryptorchidism

Answer 6

genetic
spermatogenesis arrested in retained testis
sertoli cell tumour

Question 7

reproductive exams - female

Answer 7

pre breeding
breeding management - best time to breed, post breeding issues
infertility workup
pre purchase
pregnancy diagnosis
import/export

Question 8

examination - female

Answer 8

general -
BCS
CVRS
GIT
MSK
neuro

history

external genitalia -
perineum
conformation
anus
vulva - windsucker test for vulvar seal, discharge, caslick
clitoris - hypertrophy, intersexuality
mammary glands

internal genitalia -
rectal palpation and ultrasound
uterus - size, symmetry, pregnancy, tone, content, masses, cycle staging, cysts, intrauterine fluid, abnormalities
cervix - length, tone (different in oestrus, dioestrus and pregnancy), abnormalities, adhesions
ovaries - size, position, shape (ovulation fossa), follicular activity

other -
cytology - WBC normal if foaled lately, best to swab at beginning of oestrus
culture - easy to get contamination from vagina and vestibule
biopsy
hysteroscopy - fill uterus with air to more easily look at abnormalities
laparoscopy - evaluation of oviduct, only after all other causes of infertility ruled out
hormone testing
karyoptyping