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biological psychology- uni > hormones- lecture 6 > Flashcards

hormones- lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

hormones

A
  • secreted by specialised glands- endocrine
  • carried in the bloodstream to specific target regions (e.g. other endocrine glands, organs, cells, the brain)
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2
Q

neural and endocrine communication similarities

A
  • production of chemicals stored for later release
  • stimulated to release chemicals
  • some chemicals act as hormones and neurotransmitters
  • react with specific receptors
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3
Q

neural and endocrine communication differences

A
  • neural communication is fixed between channels to precise locations- hormonal, signalling is more generalised
  • neural messages are very rapid- hormonal coomunication is slower and more prolonged
  • neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft- hormones travel through the blood
  • some neural communication is under voluntary control- hormone release is not
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4
Q

hormones also regulate:

A
  • growth and development
  • metabolism (intake, production and utilisation of energy)
  • maintenance of internal environment (e.g. homeostasis of bodily systems- temperature, sleep)
  • control of internal organs and systems (e.g. regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, immunity)
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5
Q

maintenance of homeostasis

A
  • most hormonal release is regulated by negative feedback
  • output from a gland (hormones) is responsible for preventing further release
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6
Q

location of major endocrine glands

A

males

  • hypothalamus, pituatry gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, testis

female

  • pinneal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovary
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

the pinneal gland

A
  • entrainment- matching of physiological event to an environmental oscillation
  • at around 20:00 the pineal gland begins to produce melatonin, levels peak in the middle of the night, then decline to low daytime amounts
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9
Q

control of hormone release

A

controlled by 2 key strictures in the brain
1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary gland

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

located at the base of brain, hypothalamic nuclei synthesise hypothalamic releasing hormones that either stimulate or inhibit hormone release from pituitary gland

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11
Q

pituitary gland

A

releases tropic homones- hormones that influence release of hormones from other glands, anterior pituatry- controlled by hypothalamic releaing hormones, prosterior pituatry- controlled by nerve stimulation from hypothalamus

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12
Q

prosterior pituatry gland- due to nerve impulse what does the hypothalamus release?

A

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH / Vasopressin)

  • Stimulates the re-absorption of water by kidneys

(conserves water as prevents it being lost in urine)

  • Stimulates vasoconstriction (> BP in response to stress)

Oxytocin

  • Causes muscle contraction in uterus (quite handy in childbirth!)
  • Stimulates ejection of breast milk (quite handy, but not always!)

Oxytocin – The Tend & Befriend Hormone

  • Elevated levels during sexual arousal & orgasm
  • Levels respond to social stimulation
  • Causing anti-stress effects (inhibiting stress hormones
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13
Q

oxytocin studies

A

grewen et al 2005
Couples rated the level of support they got from their partner

10 mins of ‘Warm Contact’

© Snuggling up on a ‘loveseat’

© Watching ‘romantic video’

© Talking about ‘times when they felt close’

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14
Q

anterior pituitry gland- due to hypothalamus releasing hormones

A

Growth Hormone – does what it says

  • Pre-pubertal deficits – Pituitary

Dwarfism

  • Pre-pubertal excess - Gigantism

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- Stimulates release of Thyroxine by Thyroid Gland (regulation of metabolic rate – heart / digestive function)

Gonadotrophins - Sex Hormone Release- Luteinizing Hormone- Increases production: Progesterone (ovaries), Testosterone (testes & adrenal cortex), Follicle Stimulating Hormone- Increases production: Estrogen (ovaries), Sperm (testes)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) – Stress Hormone Release-

Stimulates release of stress hormones from adrenal cortex

Prolactin

  • Promotes tissue development in breasts during pregnancy
  • Stimulates milk production after birth

Prolactin – The Sexual Desire Hormone?

Recent research shows that Prolactin also plays an important role in sexual desire

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15
Q

adrenal gland

A

The Adrenal Glands sit on top of the kidneys

The Adrenal Glands made up of 2 areas

  1. Medulla (inside)

Responds to nerve impulses from hypothalamus

  1. Cortex (outside)

Responds to ACTH (from Anterior Pituitary)

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16
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Secretes Noradrenaline & Adrenaline

  • Increase heart rate
  • Constrict peripheral blood vessels
  • Glucose release

Increased blood flow & energy supply to essential areas (e.g., muscles)

Short-term preparation for stress

Flight Fight Hormones

17
Q

the adrenal cortex

A

Secretes 3 types of hormones:

  1. Sex Hormones (Androgens & Estrogens)

But mostly secreted by Testes & Ovaries

  1. Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone - Helps kidneys retain sodium & excrete potassium

  • Maintains blood pressure
  • Maintains balance of salt & water in the body
  1. Corticosteroids (Stress hormones)

Principally Cortisol - Maintains essential responses during stressful events

18
Q

prolactin and sexual desire

A

Sustained elevation of prolactin post orgasm…

  • Increases sexual satiety / reduces sexual desire
  • Decreases likelihood of subsequent erections & orgasms

Evidence

  1. Multi-orgasmic men – produce significantly less prolactin at orgasm

So, no reduction in desire – ability for more orgasms

  1. [some] Impotence treatments (e.g., Cabergoline)

Decreases prolactin release (Prolactin Antagonist)

INCREASE Sexual desire

DECREASE Refractory period (time before able / want to have sex again

19
Q

the pancreas

A

secretes 2 main hormones- insulin, glucagon

low blood sugar and stress- pancrease releases glucagon and liver releases glucose into blood- normal glucose levels

high blood sugar- pancreas releases insulin, excess glucose taken up by fat cells- normal glucose levels

20
Q

the testes

A

The testes secrete Male Sex Hormones (Androgens)

Also secreted in small amounts from Adrenal Cortex

(so also produced by women)

The main Androgen is Testosterone

Production begins during foetal development (organisational effect on sex)

Testosterone burst at puberty stimulates male secondary characteristics

  • Growth & development of male reproductive structures
  • Increased skeletal & muscle growth
  • Enlargement of larynx (& voice changes)
  • Increased body hair
  • Sexual drive
21
Q

the ovaries

A

Ovaries secrete Female Sex Hormones (Estrogens)

Also secreted in small amounts from Adrenal Cortex

(so also produced by men)

At onset of puberty (female secondary characteristics)

Estradiol

  • Breast development
  • Distribution of fat (hips, legs, breasts)
  • Maturation of uterus & vagina

Progesterone

  • Thickens lining of uterus in pregnancy

Progesterone & Estradiol

  • Stimulate changes in uterus during menstrual cycle
  • Sexual behaviour
22
Q

hormones and behaviour

A

Hormones do NOT cause a particular behaviour to change…

…They change the likelihood of behaviours occurring in appropriate contexts

Certain behaviours / stimuli can also influence hormone levels

e.g., Cortisol levels increase when you get stressed during exams

Testosterone levels increase when a contest has been won

BUT

Which comes first – the behaviour or the hormonal change

23
Q

testing hormones/behaviour relationships

A
  1. Remove the source of a hormone
  2. Artificially add the hormone

Measure behaviour associated with that hormone

For example,

Castration / Ovariectomy will remove source of testosterone & estrogen

This should have an effect on sexual behaviour

Somatic Intervention or Behaviour Intervention

24
Q

estrogens and sexual behaviour

A

Slightly more tricky to measure sexual behaviour in female rodents

Lordosis Posture of female rat to aid male penetration

Lordosis behaviour more frequent when female ‘on heat’

biological psychology- uni (9 decks)

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