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hormones / endocrine organs Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH causes increases in

A

FSH and LH

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2
Q

GHRH increases

A

GH

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3
Q

TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone) produces

A

TSH

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4
Q

dopamine causes what to decrease

A

prolactin decreases

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5
Q

ADH and oxytocin is produced in

A

hypothalamus

released post-pituitary

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6
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A

insulin

glucagon

somatostatin

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7
Q

insulin generates

A

beta islets

decreases glucose

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8
Q

glucagon generates

A

alpha-islets

increases glucose

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9
Q

somatostatin generates

A

delta islets

decreases insulin and glucagon

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10
Q

glucagon is

A

the stored form of sugar

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11
Q

gonads produce

A

testosterone in testes

estrogen and progesterone in ovaries

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12
Q

pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

regulated circadian rhythm

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13
Q

anterior pituitary generates

note: FLAT PEG

A

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

Prolactin

Endorphins

GH

“FLAT PEG”

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14
Q

FSH is responsible for

A

male spermatogenesis

female ovarian follicle growth

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15
Q

LH generates

A

testosterone

induces ovulation

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16
Q

ACTH makes and releases

A

glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

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17
Q

TSH makes and releases

A

triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T3 and T4)
from thyroid

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18
Q

prolactin causes increase in

A

milk

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19
Q

endorphins decrease

A

pain

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20
Q

GH causes increases in

A

growth in bone/muscle

glucose in bone/muscle

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21
Q

thyroid gland makes

A

T4 and T3

made by follicle cells

increase basal metabolic rate

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22
Q

what makes calcitonin

A

parafollicular (c) cells in thyroid

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23
Q

calcitonin causes Ca2+ increase/decrease in…

A

Ca2+ increase in bone and excretion from kidneys

Ca2+ decrease in blood and gut

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24
Q

parathyroid glands generate

A

PTH

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25
Q

PTH causes what to increase and decrease

A

Ca2+ increase in blood and absorption in gut

Ca2+ decrease in bone and excretion in kidney

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26
Q

PTH activates

A

vitamin D in kidney

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27
Q

bone breakdown releases

A

Ca2+

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28
Q

posterior pituitary pathway releases

A

ADH

oxytocin

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29
Q

ADH causes decrease in

A

water output in urine

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30
Q

oxytocin causes increase in

A

urine concentration / milk / bonding behavior

positive feedback

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31
Q

adrenal cortex produces

A

glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

androgens

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32
Q

glucocorticoids produces

A

cortisol and cortisone

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33
Q

glucocorticoids causes what to increase and decrease

A

glucose increase

protein synthesis and immune system decrease

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34
Q

mineralocorticoids produces

A

aldosterone

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35
Q

mineralcorticoids causes increase/decrease in

A

K+ and BP decrease

Na+ and water increase

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36
Q

androgens convert to

A

testosterone and estrogen in the gonads

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37
Q

adrenal medulla produce

A

catecholamines

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38
Q

hormones made by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine (anti-histamine)

norepinephrine

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39
Q

epinephrine causes increase in

A

heart rate and BP

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40
Q

norepinephrine causes increase in

A

heart rate and BP

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41
Q

GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) stimulates

A

anterior pituitary to release GH

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42
Q

what produces GHRH?

A

hypothalamus

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43
Q

anterior pituitary regulates

A

stress, growth, reproduction, lactation

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44
Q

GnRH stimulates

A

anterior pituitary

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45
Q

GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release

A

FSH and LH

46
Q

what produces GnRH

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

TRH stimulates

A

anterior pituitary to release TSH

48
Q

TRH is produced by

A

hypothalamus

49
Q

growth hormone stimulates

A

growth and cell reproduction

50
Q

growth hormone is release by

A

anterior pituitary

51
Q

oxytocin and ADH are released by

A

posterior pituitary

52
Q

posterior pituitary is the

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

53
Q

what acts on endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

54
Q

tropic hormones induce

A

endo glands to secrete other hormones

e.g. GnRH –> LH

55
Q

ADH causes increase/decrease in

A

BP and H20 retention increase

decrease plasma osmolarity

56
Q

ADH is produced by

A

hypothalamus

release by posterior pituitary

57
Q

peptide hormone consists of

A

AAs

water-soluble

58
Q

peptide hormones examples

A

insulin
glucagon
leptin
ADH
oxytocin

59
Q

TSH stimulates

A

thyroid to release t4 and t3

60
Q

TSH is released from

A

anterior pituitary

61
Q

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulates

A

anterior pituitary to release ACTH

62
Q

CRH is produced by the

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

ACTH stands for

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (released from adrenal cortex)

64
Q

prolactin-release inhibitng factor is aka

65
Q

dopamine is a

A

neurohormone

66
Q

what is dopamine in the brain

A

neurotransmitter

67
Q

in the endocrine system, what does dopamine do

A

regulate hormone release

68
Q

dopamine inhibits

A

prolactin release from anterior pituitary

69
Q

oxytocin stimulates

A

uterine contractions and breast milk production

70
Q

oxytocin is produced in the

A

hypothalamus

71
Q

what releases oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary

72
Q

FSH is released from

A

anterior pituitary

73
Q

FSH in males

A

triggers spermatogenesis

stimulates sertoli cells

74
Q

FSH in females

A

ovarian follicle development

75
Q

LH is released from the

A

anterior pituitary

76
Q

LH surge occurs during

A

2 most fertile days (includes ovulation day)

77
Q

where is ACTH released from

A

anterior pituitary

78
Q

ACTH stimulates production and release of

79
Q

catecholamines target

A

adergenic receptors (GCPR)

80
Q

examples of catecholamines

A

norepinephrine

epipinehrine

81
Q

3 major classes of hormones

A

peptides

amino

steroid hormones

82
Q

polypeptides

A

proteins + peptides

water soluble

83
Q

amines are derived from

A

AAs

water and lipid soluble

84
Q

are steroid hormones lipid or water soluble

A

lipid soluble

85
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

86
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

esterogen

progesterone

testoterone

87
Q

direct hormones act directly on the

A

target tissue/organ

e.g. insulin

88
Q

GHIH is aka

A

somatostatin

89
Q

hypothalamus is located:

A

below the thalamus

90
Q

pancreas is a

A

large gland behind stomach

91
Q

pancreas secretes

A

digestive enzymes into duodenum

92
Q

islets of Langerhands secretes

A

insulin and glucagon

embedded in the pancreas

93
Q

gonads are a gland that produces

A

gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones

94
Q

pineal gland is located in the

A

epithalamus, tucked into a groove between the two thalamus halves

95
Q

adrenal cortex sits along the

A

perimeter of the adrenal gland (top of kidney)

mediates stress response

96
Q

ADH (vasopressin) regulated the

A

tonicity of body fluids

97
Q

ADH is released in response to

A

hypertonicity and causes the kidneys to reabsorb water

98
Q

ADH release results in

A

concentrated urine and reduced urine volume

increases BP

99
Q

oxytocin is what kind of hormone

100
Q

oxytocin is synthesized in the

A

hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

101
Q

t4 and t3 are created from

A

iodine and tyrosine

101
Q

during childbirth, oxytocin increases

A

uterine contractions and is released in response to cervix stretching

also increases milk production + certain bonding behaviors

102
Q

t4 is a precursor to

102
Q

thyroid gland are in the

A

neck and below the adam’s apple

103
Q

thyroid secretes

A

thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism

104
Q

thyroid helps regulates (what) homeostasis

105
Q

parathyroid glands are located on the

A

back of the thyroid

106
Q

parathyroid function

A

maintain body’s Ca2+ and K+ so that nervous and muscular systems function properly

107
Q

adrenal medulla sits on top of the

A

kidney

at the center of adrenal gland surrounded by the adrenal cortex

108
Q

adrenal medulla converts

A

tyrosine into catecholamines

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