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Biology GCSE Higher > Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Glands such as the pituitary gland and ovaries

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2
Q

How long are the effects of hormones?

A

Relatively long

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3
Q

What is the exact definition of hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to active target cells

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4
Q

What two important hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

FSH and LH

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5
Q

What important hormone does the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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6
Q

What are the differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves are fast hormones are slower

Nerves act for a short time but hormones act for s long time

Nerves act on a precise area but hormones are more general

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7
Q

what is a hormone?

A

A chemical released directly into the blood

Carries by blood plasma to other parts of the body

Only affects target cells

Controls things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

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8
Q

What happens at stage one of the period?

A

The uterus lining breaks down for roughly 4 days

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9
Q

What happens at stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus builds up into a thick spongey layer full of blood vessels (day 4-14)

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10
Q

What happens at stage three of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg is released (day 14)

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11
Q

What happens at stage four of the period?

A

The wall is maintained for 14 days until the 28th day

If no fertilised egg lands in the uterus wall the spongey lining breaks down and stage one begins again

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12
Q

How does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) affect the menstrual cycle?

A

Causes the egg to mature in the ovaries

Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

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13
Q

How does Oestrogen affect the menstrual cycle?

A

It causes the pituitary gland to produce LH

Inhibits the further release of FSH

Repairs and develops uterus lining

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14
Q

How does Luteinising Hormone affect the menstrual cycle?

A

Stimulates the realised of an egg

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15
Q

How does progesterone affect the menstrual cycle?

A

Stops FSH and LH and causes uterus lining to thicken

Maintains uterus lining

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16
Q

Step by step menstrual cycle?

A 
Pituitary gland produces FSH
    v
FSH causes egg to mature in ovary 
    v
FSH causes ovaries to produce oestrogen
    v
Oestrogen inhibits FSH
    v
Oestrogen causes pituitary to produce LH
    v
Pituitary gland produces LH 
    v
LH causes egg to be released from ovary
17
Q

How does oestrogen prevent the release of an egg (contraception)?

A

When oestrogen is taken every day the levels are permanently high

This inhibits the production of FSH and eventually stops egg development and production

18
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility?

A

Stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm reaching the egg

19
Q

What is “the pill”?

A

An oral contraceptive made in the 1950s

20
Q

What side effects were linked with the original contraceptive pill?

A

Blood clots

21
Q

What are the pros of the pill?

A

They’re over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy

Reduce s the risk of getting some types of cancer

22
Q

What are the cons of the pill?

A

It isn’t 100% effective

It can cause side effects like headaches nausea and irregular menstrual bleeding

It doesn’t protect against STDs

23
Q

How can fertility levels be increased?

A

By INJECTING FSH and LH into the woman

24
Q

What are the pros of FSH and LH injections?

A

It helps a lot of women to get pregnant

25
Q

What are the cons of injecting FSH and LH?

A

It doesn’t always work

It can be expensive if you have to do it many times

Too many eggs could be stimulated resulting in multiple pregnancies

26
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

27
Q

What does auxin control?

A

Phototropism (The growth of a plant in response to light)

Gravity (gravitropism/geotropism)

And moisture

28
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

In the tip and moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation which occurs just behind the tips

29
Q

When a shoot tip is exposed to light what happens?

A

Noire auxin accumulates in the side in the shade to make it grow faster in that side and bend toward the light

30
Q

When a shoot is growing sideways what is happening?

A

Gravity is producing an unequal distribution of auxin (more on the bottom)

This causes the lower side to grow faster bending it upright

31
Q

When a root starts growing sideways what happens?

A

It will have more auxins in the lower side

The extra auxin inhibits growth in roots and the cells on top elongate faster causing a downward bend

32
Q

If there is an uneven amount of moisture in the soil what will a root do?

A

It produces more auxin on the side with more moisture

This inhibits growth in that side and causes the root to bend toward the moisture

Biology GCSE Higher (5 decks)

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