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Biology > Hormones and shit not typing the name out > Flashcards

Hormones and shit not typing the name out Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Communication system which sends hormones around the body. Hormones are produced by the glands.

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical compounds carried around by blood from glands to target organs. Controls parts of the body which requires constant adjustment

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3
Q

Where are endocrine glands found?

A
  • Pituitary gland: secretes hormones to control the body and other glands. “master gland”
  • Thyroid: Produces thyroxine, regulates metabolism, heartrate and temperature.
  • Adrenal gland: Produces adrenaline for fight or flight response
  • Pancreas: produces insulin
  • Ovaries: produce oestrogen
  • Testes: produce testosterone
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4
Q

Compare nerves and hormones

A
  • N: fast H: slow
  • N: short time H: long time
  • N: precise area H: affects body parts in a general way.
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5
Q

What does adrenaline affect and what does it do?

A
  • Adrenaline released from adrenal glands
  • Adrenaline makes the heart contract faster and stronger, increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Blood vessels leading to the muscles dilate –> more oxygen –> better respiration
  • Blood vessels leading to other parts of the body constrict –> reduces blood flow to other organs
  • Adrenaline makes the liver break down glycogen into glucose –> increases blood sugar level
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6
Q

How does thyroxine work?

A
  • Works with negative feedback
  • When thyroxine level is low, the hypothalamus (in brain) releases TRH
  • TRH stimulates the pituitary gland
  • pituitary gland releases TSH
  • TSH stimulates thyroid gland into releasing thyroxine so blood thyroxine levels return to normal.
  • When blood thyroxine levels are too high, the release of TRH is restricted by thyroxine, reducing blood thyroxine levels.
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7
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Monthly sequence of events when the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus for fertilisation

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8
Q

What are the general stages of menstrual cycle (no hormones)

A
  • Stage 1: Day 1 menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down and is released.
  • Stage 2: Days 4 to 14 uterus lining builds again until there is a spongy layer of blood vessels again
  • Stage 3: Day 14 egg is developed and released at around this time.
  • Stage 4: Days 14-28 Lining maintained, if no fertilised egg lands on the uterus wall, the uterus lining breaks down again.
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9
Q

Hormonal stages of menstruation

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) released by pituitary gland. Causes a follicle and its surrounding cells to mature and produces oestrogen
  • Oestrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow and is released by the ovaries. Restricts production of FSH. Stimulates release in LH
  • LH is released by pituitary gland and stimulates ovulation. Follicle ruptured and egg released. Stimulates remaining part of the follicle to become a corpus luteum and secrete progesterone
  • Progesterone maintains the uterus lining and inhibits the release of LH and FSH. When the progesterone and oestrogen levels drop, the uterus breaks down. Low progesterone allows FSH to increase.
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10
Q

What are the hormonal contraceptive methods and how do they affect pregnancy?

A
  • The mixed pill: has high levels of progesterone and oestrogen. Taking this pill constantly prevents FSH from releasing naturally
  • mini pill: has only progesterone. High levels also restrict the release of FSH
  • Progesterone can reduce fertility by stimulating the production of a thick cervical mucus, preventing sperm from entering
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11
Q

What are the barrier methods of contraception?

A
  • Condoms (male and female)
  • Diaphragms, must be used with spermicide
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12
Q

What is the effectivity of hormonal contraceptive compared to barrier contraceptive and vice versa?

A
  • Hormonal methods are generally more effective when done correctly
  • Hormonal methods can have side affects such as headaches and mood changes
  • Hormonal methods dont protect against STDs.
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13
Q

What methods are used to improve the fertility of a woman

A
  • Clomifene: Some women are infertile because they don’t ovulate/ovulate regularly. These women can take clomifene which releases more LH and FSH, stimulating egg maturation and ovulation.
  • IVF: Woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate egg production. The eggs are taken from the ovaries and fertilised in a lab. The eggs develop into embryos, and then one or two of the cells are replaced into the body
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14
Q

What is homeostasis and why is it important?

A
  • Homeostasis is maintaining a constant internal environment.
  • Important because cells need right conditions to function properly.
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15
Q

What does homeostasis control in action?

A
  • Blood glucose regulation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Osmoregulation
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16
Q

Why is thermoregulation important?

A
  • Enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37 degrees.
  • If the temperature is below this, the enzyme slows down and at temperatures above, the enzyme denatures.
  • This maintains the temperature at 37 degrees to make sure enzymes always function properly
17
Q

Why is osmoregulation important?

A
  • Controls amount of water in the blood
  • If there is too much water in the blood, it will move into body cells via osmosis, leading to the cells rupturing
  • If the water levels are too low, the water moves out of our cells via osmosis causing the cells to shrink.
18
Q

How does thermoregulation work when temperature is low?

A
  • Hypothalamus detects low temperature from temperature receptors in the dermis
  • Causes shivering –> muscles contract and relax quickly –> energy produced warms up body
  • Erector muscles contract –> hair raises up to create an insulating layer for more heat
  • Vasoconstriction –> Blood vessels in the dermis constrict because shunt valves dilate. –> reduces heat transfer to the surroundings –> warm blood near body
19
Q

How does thermoregulation work when temperature is high?

A
  • Hypothalamus detects temperature rise from temperature receptors in the dermis.
  • Vasodilation –> Blood vessels in the dermis dilate because shunt valve constricts –> increases blood flow near skin –> increases energy transfer to surroundings
  • Erector muscles relax
  • Sweat –> produced in dermis released in epidermis –> evaporates –> energy transfer away from body
20
Q

How does insulin work?

A

When glucose levels are too high, the pancreas releases insulin.
- Causes glucose to move from blood to muscles for respiration
- Causes excess glucose to be stored into the liver has glycogen
- Reduces blood sugar levels

21
Q

How does glucagon work

A
  • When glucose levels are too low, the liver releases glucagon
  • Glucagon signals for the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
  • Glucose is released into the blood, increasing the blood sugar levels.
22
Q

How does blood glucose regulation work in a negative feedback system?

A

This happens because when the blood glucose levels are high, the amount of insulin produces is high, but glucagon levels are low. So when blood glucose levels get too low, glucagon is produced to increase it and insulin levels are low.

23
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes and how is it treated??

A
  • When the pancreas produces little or no insulin
  • It is controlled with insulin therapy.
  • Insulin is injected into fat layer under skin, where it goes into blood vessels so that blood glucose levels can fall.
24
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes and how is it treated?

A
  • Occurs when the body doesn’t respond to insulin or the pancreas stops producing it
  • Correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • BMI over 30 means person is obese
  • waist hip above 1 for males and 0.85 for females means higher chance of type 2 diabetes
  • Can be controlled by healthy diet, regular exercise and losing weight
  • can be controlled medically by medication or insulin

BMI = mass/height^2

25
Q

What does the urinary system do

A

carries out osmoregulation, removes excess substances from the blood

26
Q

Describe all of the parts of the urinary system

A
  • Renal veins: contains blood with waste removed back to the body
  • Renal arteries: contains blood containing waste
  • Kidneys: Remove substances from the blood to make urine
  • Ureters: carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
  • Bladder: stores urine
  • Urethra: where urine flows out of the body
27
Q

Structure of the kidney:

A
  • Consists of nephrons which produce
    urine
  • top layer: renal capsule
  • cortex: second layer
  • medulla: central region
28
Q

What is the structure of a nephron:

A
  • Glomerulus
  • First convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle (in medulla)
  • second convoluted tube
  • collecting duct (in medulla)
  • Capillaries surrounding the nephron

better in school book

29
Q

What happens in the glomerulus

A

contains knots of capillaries. Urea water and glucose pass out of the capillary and into the bowman’s capsule (not proteins)

30
Q

What happens in the first convoluted tubule?

A
  • Selective reabsorption
  • Glucose and useful minerals leave the nephron and move to the capillaries surrounding the nephron via active transport
31
Q

What happens in the loop of Henle?

A
  • Water is reabsorbed via osmosis depending on how much water is required by the body
32
Q

What happens in the collecting duct and how do hormones affect it?

A
  • Water is reabsorbed via osmosis depending on how much water is needed in the body.
  • When the hypothalamus detects water levels are low, Pituitary gland releases ADH.
  • ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable
  • More water is reabsorbed to the blood vessels around the duct.
  • When the pituitary gland detects there is enough water in the body, ADH stops releasing
  • The urine is concentrated and low in volume
  • When the hypothalamus detects water levels are high, the pituitary gland releases less ADH
  • This keeps the permeability of the collecting duct low and the urine is less concentrated and in high volume.
33
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Everything to do with homeostasis and thyroxine starts with the hypothalamus

34
Q

What are the treatments for kidney failure

A
  • dialysis
  • kidney transplants
35
Q

How does a kidney transplant work

A
  • Healthy kidneys are taken from a healthy person who recently died.
  • Taken by someone whose tissue type closely matches the patient
  • Patient is treated with drugs that supress the immune system
  • This prevents rejection
36
Q

How does dialysis work?

A
  • Works for people with kidney failure.
  • Blood hooked to a machine which flows through a tube with a selectively permeable barrier around dialysis fluid. Here, the waste diffuses out and the filtered blood can re-enter the body.
37
Q

What is urea?

A

breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver.

Biology (4 decks)

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