fucking boring arse geography topic

Question 1

What are the levels of organisation?

Answer 1

• Individual
• Population: All organisms of one species in a habitat
• Community: all organisms of different species in a habitat
• Ecosystems: Community of organisms along with abiotic conditions

Question 2

What is an abiotic factor?

Answer 2

Non living factors

Question 3

What abiotic factors affect communities?

Answer 3

• Temperature
• Amount of water
• Light intensity(plants mainly)
• Level of pollutants

Question 4

What biotic factors affect communities?

Answer 4

• competition
• predation

Question 5

What is interdependence?

Answer 5

How species depend on other organisms for vital services

Question 6

Why is interdependence important?

Answer 6

• Organisms depend on eachother for food and shelter. So a change in population in one species can have a knock off affect on other species
• A relationship can mutualistic or parasitic

Question 7

How do you use quadrats to study the distribution of small organisms?

Answer 7

• Place a 1m^2 quadrat on the ground at a random part of the field. This can be done by dividing the area into 1m^2 squares and using an RNG to pick the square.
• Then count all the organisms that you are looking for within the quadrat
• Repeat these steps many times then find the mean of how many of the species are in a m^2
• To find population size, divide the area of the field by the area of the area of the quadrat and multiply by that by the average

Question 8

How do you use belt transects to study distribution on how abiotic factors change across a habitat?

Answer 8

• Mark a line on the region where you want to study
• Collect data along the line using quadrats which are at regular intervals or next to each-other. Count the organisms in each quadrat as you move
• Record an abiotic factor
• Find how the abiotic factor relate with the number of plants you are looking for

Question 9

How does energy get transferred up the pyramid of biomass?

Answer 9

• Every time you go up one trophic level, the mass of biomass reduces. This is because most of the biomass is lost through respiration, urea, faeces etc. This limits the length of the food chain and how many species there are up the food chain.

Question 10

What is biodiversity and do humans have a positive or negative impact on it?

Answer 10

• Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms in an ecosystems
• Humans can benefit it, but usually we have a negative affect.

Question 11

What is eutrophication and how does it affect bio diversity?

Answer 11

• Nitrates are put in fields as fertiliser.
• Sometimes, too much fertiliser is used and rain washes the nitrates into rivers and lakes
• This causes algae to grow very fast and block off light, leading to other plants dying
• Causes organisms that need oxygen for aerobic respiration to die
• decomposer levels increase

Question 12

How does fish farming affect biodiversity?

Answer 12

• Fish farms in water are laced with food to attract fish.
• This food and waste produced on the farm can lead to eutrophication
• The fish farm is also a breeding ground for parasites which can kill animals outside of the farm

Question 13

How does introducing non-indigenous species into a community reduce biodiversity?

Answer 13

• The new species can compete with native sources for food, sometimes they are better and outcompete the natives.
• This causes the natives to decrease in number and die out.

Question 14

What has reforestation done to protect biodiversity?

Answer 14

• Reforestation is when land where a forest once stood is replanted to form a new forest.
• This allows the plants and trees to be used for food and shelter by animals, increasing biodiversity

Question 15

What has conservation done to protect biodiversity?

Answer 15

• Protects a natural habitat
• Keep endangered animals in zoos
• Use seed banks

Question 16

What are the benefits of maintaining biodiversity

Answer 16

• Protect the human food supply
• Ensure minimal damage to food chains
• Provide future medicines: medicines can come from plants
• Cultural aspects
• Providing new jobs in maintaining biodiversity

Question 17

What is food security

Answer 17

having sufficient food to feed the population

Question 18

What factors affect food security?

Answer 18

• Increased population
• Changing diets in developed countries, them eating more meat and fish
• Pests and pathogens
• Climate change can affect weather
• Sustainability: biofuel taking up space where food can be planted. High costs for farmers to start farming

Question 19

skipping carbon cycle, water cycle and nitrogen cycle for now

Answer 19

bung geography

Question 20

What species indicate the quality of water?

Answer 20

• Bloodworms and sludgeworms show that water has high levels of pollution. They have adapted to polluted conditions
• stonefly larvae and freshwater shrimps show us that the water is clean. They are sensitive to concentration of dissolved oxygen

Question 21

What species indicate the quality of air?

Answer 21

• The air is clean when there is a lot of lichen. This is because they are sensitive to sulphur dioxide, which is in polluted air. Lots of bushy lichen mean that the air is very clean, since they are highly sensitive.
• The presence of blackspot fungus is also sensitive to the level of sulphur dioxide in the air

Question 22

What are the drawbacks of indicator species?

Answer 22

• They don’t give you accurate figures for exactly how much pollution is present

Question 23

What are the factors affecting rate of composition and why?

Answer 23

• Temperature: Warm temperature speeds up the rate of enzyme controlled reactions, so decay happens faster. If temperature is too high, enzymes denature
• Water content: Decay happens fast in moist environments because the decomposers need water to survive and carry out biological processes
• Oxygen availability: microbes need the oxygen for aerobic respiration

Question 24

What is compost?

Answer 24

decomposed organic matter that is used as fertiliser

Question 25

What are the best conditions to produce compost?

Answer 25

Warm, moist conditions with high oxygen availability.

Question 26

What does the carbon cycle show?

Answer 26

How carbon is recycled

Question 27

What happens in the carbon cycle?

Answer 27

CO2 is REMOVED from the atmosphere by green plants and algae during the carbon cycle
CO2 is RETURNED to the atmosphere by the respiration of plants and animals
CO2 is RETURNED to the atmosphere when microorganisms called decomposers respire when they break down dead organisms and waste
CO2 is RETURNED to the atmosphere when fossil fuels and products made from plants and animals are burnt through combustion.

Question 28

What happens in the water cycle?

Answer 28

• Energy from the sun makes water from land and sea evaporate, turning it into water vapour. Water also evaporates through transpiration.
• This water then condenses to form clouds
• Water falls from the clouds via precipitation.
• This water then drains to the sea where the process happens again

Question 29

What are the methods of getting water during a drought?

Answer 29

• Desalination: Salt water is boiled in a vessel so that water evaporates. The water rises to the top of the vessel and travels down a pipe where it cools and condenses to form pure water
• Reverse osmosis: Salt water is thrown at high pressures at a semi-permeable membrane. This causes the water to move against the concentration gradient where there is less salt and more water.