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Physio Psych > Hormones and Sex > Flashcards

Hormones and Sex Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals released in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to regulate organs and tissues

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2
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Glands that secret hormones into the blood stream to act on distant targets
(ex: Pituitary, Pineal, etc..)

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3
Q

which part of the brain controls the secretion of hormones?

A

Hypothalamus, which controls the pituitary gland, also knows as the master of all glands.

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4
Q

Name all of the major endocrine structures

A

Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Gut, Gonads.

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5
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

A hormone that consists of a string of amino acids.

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6
Q

Amine Hormone

A

Monoamine Hormone; composed of a single modified amino acid.
ex: Melatonin, made from tryptophan.

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7
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol, meaning they share the same 4 rings of carbon.

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8
Q

Second Messenger

A

a slow-acting substance in a cell that amplifies the effects of NT/Hormone activity and regulates other activities inside the cell.

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9
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

Due to them diffusing through the cell membrane, their receptors are located inside the cells. The hormones bind to the receptor and enter the nucleus of the cell to alter the DNA.

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10
Q

autoradiography

A

a staining technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues.

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11
Q

cloacal exstrophy

A

1 in 400,000 kids are born with an incomplete closing of the abdomen, which leaves the intestines exposed. if male, they are born with testes but a small or split penis.

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12
Q

Pheromones

A

a chemical signal released outside of the body that affects other members of the same species.

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13
Q

allomones

A

a chemical signal that is released like pheromones but affects other species.

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14
Q

endocrine communication

A

the glands in the body that release hormones used by the body

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15
Q

pituitary gland

A

a small, complex gland located inside a socket at the base of the skull

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16
Q

pituitary stalk

A

infundibulum, a thin piece of tissue that connects the gland to the hypothalamus

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17
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

a neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

the back part of the gland that releases the hormones

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19
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

the neuroendocrine cells that transport hormones to the gland.

20
Q

what do the neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus make?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin in the posterior and RH in the anterior

21
Q

proceptive

A

when a female advertises her readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors.

22
Q

copulation

A

the transfer of sperm from a male to a female

23
Q

coolidge effect

A

the tendency of an animal that appears sexually satisfied to resume mating with a new partner.

24
Q

estrus/sexually receptive

A

when a female starts showing signs that she is ready to copulate

25
Q

postcopulatory behaviors

A

the final stage of mating behavior such as copulatory lock, or other parental behaviors. In cats, the behavior is rolling, and in rats it is grooming.

26
Q

activational effect

A

a temp. change in behavior from the availability of a hormone.

27
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

a region of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression.

28
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

a region of the midbrain where lesions may diminish lordosis.

29
Q

releasing hormones

A

hormones released by the hypothalamus into the local bloodstream (median eminence– hypothalamic-pituitary portal). These hormones signal the anterior pituitary to release tropic hormones

30
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that target specific endocrine glands and signal them to release hormones.
Ex: Adrenocorticotropic hormone —> Cortisol

31
Q

Name all of the releasing hormones

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
Thyroid-releasing hormone
Corticotrophin-releasing factor
Growth hormone releasing-hormone

32
Q

Name all tropic hormones

A

Prolactin
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

33
Q

gametes

A

sex cells– sperm or ovum (eggs?)

34
Q

lordosis

A

the receptive sex position in 4-legged animals where the behind is raised and the tail is pushed to the side for easier male access.

35
Q

SRY Gene

A

The gene contained in the Y-chromosome of mammals, which causes the development of testis.

36
Q

indifferent gonads

A

gonads which have yet to go through sexual differentiation, and are neither testis nor ovaries.

37
Q

Genital Tubercle

A

A bump between the legs of early fetuses that either develops into a clitoris or a penis.

38
Q

Wolffian Duct

A

A duct system in the embryo that will develop into the male reproductive system if androgens are present. Develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle.

39
Q

Mullerian Ducts

A

A duct system in the embryo that develops into the female reproductive system. Such as the oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina in the absence of AMH.

40
Q

AMH

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone, released with testosterone to regress the Mullerian Ducts.

41
Q

DHT

A

A more potent androgen derived from testosterone. Plays a significant role in the masculinization of males.

42
Q

Progestins

A

Any hormones secreted by the ovaries; progesterone, estradiol, etc

43
Q

Sexually receptive

A

also known as being in heat, or estrus.

44
Q

what effects do injections of estradiol directly into the brain have?

A

If injected into the VMH, it increases receptivity in female rats.

45
Q

what is the main function of the VMH in sexual behavior?

A

the main function is to monitor steroid hormones concentration and to enable a circuit leading to lordosis; in the presence of a mounting male.

46
Q

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

A

a region of the hypothalamus full of neurons that control sexual behaviors, gonadotropin secretion, and thermoregulation in rats.

Physio Psych (2 decks)

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