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Physio Psych > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

a state of balance

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2
Q

Motivation

A

you stupid?

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3
Q

thermoregulation

A

regulation of body temp

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4
Q

endotherms

A

internal heat (us)

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5
Q

ectotherms

A

External heat (lizard)

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6
Q

Set point

A

a set point which the body tries to get back to when the deviated from

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7
Q

set zone

A

a set point but bigger.

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8
Q

allostasis

A

the behavioral and physiological adjustments that an individual makes to maintain optimal functions.

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9
Q

intracellular and extracellular compartment

A

The fluids inside and outside of our cells, divided by the interstitial fluid and blood plasma that sits between them.

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10
Q

osmosis

A

water go weee in between semipermeable layer until water no longer go weee

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11
Q

Osmotic Thirst

A

the thirst that is initiated due to the increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid.
Ex: Thirsty after eating chips, since chips contain a lot of salt.

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12
Q

Hypovolemic Thirst

A

The thirst that is initiated due to a loss in fluids (both water and solutes); hemorrhage, sweating, diarrhea, etc…

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13
Q

osmosensory neuron

A

a neuron that measures the movement of water in and out of the intracellular compartment

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14
Q

circumventricular organs

A

a set of specialized brain structures that monitor the fluid balance of the body. Outputs terminate in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, which causes the conscious awareness of thirst

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15
Q

Vasopressin

A

Arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone; is a peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure.

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16
Q

aldosterone

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that promotes the conservation of salt by the kidneys.

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17
Q

baroreceptor

A

a pressure receptor in the heart or major artery that detects changes in blood pressure

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18
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

a peptide released by the heart that reduces blood pressure inhibits drinking and promotes peeing. secretion of this peptide is inhibited during hypovolemic thirst.

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19
Q

Angiotensin II (AII)

A

a hormone released by the kidneys. This hormone has many water-conserving actions.

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20
Q

vagus nerve

A

Cranial Nerve X transmits information between the brain and the viscera. transmits information about thirst levels, AKA water/salt levels of the extracellular space, to the brain.

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21
Q

glucose

A

the main energy for cells; a simple sugar obtained through the breakdown of more-complex molecules.

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22
Q

glycogen

A

glucose that is converted for short-term storage; stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

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23
Q

glycogensis

A

the process by which insulin, secreted by the pancreas, turns glucose into glycogen.

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24
Q

glucagon

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose drops too low; glucagon converts glycogen into glucose

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25
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the process where glycogen is turned back into glucose by glucagon hormone.

26
Q

What is another process for long-term storage of fuel?

A

molecules of lipids are created and stored in adipose tissue (fat tissue). During food deprivation, this fat is turned back into glucose and ketones.

27
Q

basal metabolism

A

the price of being an endotherm. The base energy cost of simply living.

28
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A disease which results from the lack of insulin production or from reduces tissue sensitivity to insulin. This happens due to the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption.

29
Q

what % of food energy is used for active behavioral processes?

A

10-20%

30
Q

metabolic adaptation

A

the metabolic adaptation to weight loss, which can cause issues for people trying to lose weight.

31
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

The insulin release phase before food enters the body; triggered by sight, smell, or taste of food.

32
Q

Digestive Phase

A

the 2nd phase of insulin release, triggered when food enters the intestines.

33
Q

Absorptive phase

A

the last phase of insulin release when the food has been digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. Cells in the liver called Glucodetectors sense the increase in glucose and signal the pancreas to release more insulin.

34
Q

Why do high insulin levels make someone hungry?

A

Because high insulin levels cause the storage of circulating glucose, which makes the body seek out more.

35
Q

Why isnt glucose an appetite signal?

A

because people with untreated diabetes have high levels of glucose, yet they’re still hungry. (high glucose should hypothetically cause satiety)

36
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

a region of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression.

37
Q

what effect did lesions to the VMH have on rats?

A

After recovery, the rats overate and became obese. Meaning the VMH is the satiety center of the brain. The rats experienced a period of rapid weight gain, and stabilized at a new higher weight.

38
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

A

A region involved in the control of appetite and other functions

39
Q

what effect did lesions to the LH have on rats?

A

The rats stopped eating and lost weight. hypothesizing that the LH is the hunger center of the brain.

40
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

41
Q

Leptin

A

a hormone released from the adipose tissue in the body that signals the energy stores to the brain.

42
Q

what effect do defective leptin receptors have on rats?

A

they cause obesity in lab animals, since the body thinks it needs more energy stores.

43
Q

Ghrelin

A

the gut hormone that signals hunger to the brain. Peaks during fasts.

44
Q

PYY3-36

A

An intestinal peptide that works inversely to ghrelin. This hormone peaks after food intake and curbs appetite.

45
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

A

Another peptide hormone released after food intake, especially if the food is high in carbs and fats.

Important: directly blocks the effects of ghrelin.

46
Q

POMC neurons

A

Neurons in the arcuate nucleus that act as satiety neurons. Inhibit appetite and increase metabolism.

47
Q

NPY Neurons

A

Hunger neurons in the arcuate nucleus that stimulate appetite and inhibit POMC neurons.

48
Q

Which hormones work on the NPY neurons?

A

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

49
Q

Orexigenic neurons

A

Neurons that promote feeding behavior

50
Q

anorexigenic neurons

A

neurons that inhibit feeding behavior

51
Q

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

a nucleus of the hypothalamus that releases peptide hormones and is in the control of feeding.

52
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

A

A brainstem nucleus that receives visceral and taste information from several cranial nerves.

53
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

another peptide hormone similar to GLP-1 that releases when food is high in fats and carbs, sending the signal through the vagus nerve.

54
Q

Orexin

A

a hormone of the lateral hypothalamus that promotes feeding

55
Q

anandamide

A

An endogenous endocannabinoid that has influences on eating.

56
Q

Gut microbiota

A

the microorganisms that live in the digestive system.

57
Q

entrotype

A

each individuals personal composition of gut microbiota

58
Q

fecal transplantation

A

a procedure where gut microbiota are transported via fecal matter from donor to patient

59
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by a lack of eating or excessive dieting in order to lose weight.

60
Q

Bulimia

A

an eating disorder characterized by phases of binge-eating, followed by excessive purging of calories through vomitting, laxatives, or excessive workouts.

61
Q

what BMI is considered to be obese?

A

30-40%.

Physio Psych (2 decks)

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