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Biochemistry > Hormones and Receptors > Flashcards

Hormones and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones producing organs and hormones in the hypothalamus:

A

dopamine, ADH (vasopressin), oxytocin (releasing hormones)

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2
Q

Which organ is the control center of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

Which organ is the master gland of the ES?

A

pituitary

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4
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send signals to?

A

pituitary

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5
Q

Events that happen inside the cell and don’t require immediate gene expression

A

nongenomic effects

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6
Q

what are 2 nongenomic effects:

A

altered metabolism

altered shape or movement

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7
Q

Which effect results in altered gene expression?

A

genomic effects

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8
Q

What type of proteins are cell-surface receptors?

A

transmembrane spanning proteins

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9
Q

Extracellular signaling molecules act at very (high/low) concentrations

A

low

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10
Q

extracellular signaling molecules’ cognate receptors bind with (high/low) affinity at low concentrations

A

high

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11
Q

How is the specificity of the signaling molecule (hormone) action regualted?

A

presence of the receptor to which the molecule (hormone) binds

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12
Q

nomenclature of extracellular signaling molecules (8)

A

peptide hormones, steroid hormones, growth factors, mitogens, cytokines, neurotransmitters and chemokines

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13
Q

Hormone secretion:

A

external signal/condition triggers HYPOTHALAMUS to release RELEASING HORMONE which triggers the ANT. PIT. to release a TROPIC HORMONE which targets ENDOCRINE gland which produces HORMONE

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14
Q

As hormone levels increase they can FEEDBACK to the levels of the ____ and _____.

A

hypothalamus

pituitary

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15
Q

What happens if the long NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS stops working?

A

continuous production of hormones

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16
Q

Where do the short-loop negative feedback loops feedback from and to? What does it inhibt?

A

from TROPIC HORMONE
to HYPOTHALAMUS
inhibits releasing hormone

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17
Q

Hormone signaling is a type of _____ communcation.

A

cell-cell

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18
Q

How is the type of cell-cell communication defined?

A
  • where signal ORIGINATES
  • where the is RELEASED into
  • where target(s) is/are located
  • types of cells involved in signaling
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19
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of ligand presentation to target cells

A
  • contact-dependent (juxtacrine)
  • paracrine
  • synaptic
  • endocrine
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20
Q

mechanism when one cell presents ligand to another cell nearby that has the receptor

A

contact-dependent (juxtacrine)

21
Q

mechanism in which signaling cell produces a factor that stays within the local environment

A

paracrine

22
Q

mechanism that is a form of paracrine signaling involving chemical synapses or juxtacrine involving electrical synapses
(neuron, NT)

A

synaptic

23
Q

mechanism where endocrine cell produces hormone that enter bloodstream, circulates throughout the body, and initiates cellular response where it finds target cell with receptor

A

endocrine

24
Q

What type of communication is involved in gap junctions?

A

cell-cell comm.

(small molecules can move through gap junctions between 2 adjacent cells

25
Q

What type of signaling is stimulated by binding of hormone and produces an extracellular signaling molecule which feedbacks on cell that produced it to stimulate it.

A

autocrine signaling

26
Q

Plasma membrane receptor systems: ligands (3)

A
  • protein and peptide hormones
  • catecholamines (epinephrine-adrenaline; norepinephrine- dopamine)
  • Eicosanoids (derived from arachidonic acid or polyunsaturated fatty acids. e.g. prostaglandins)
27
Q

T/F: receptors are generally designated by the ligand they bind or their function

A

true

28
Q

receptor that has at least 7 transmembrane spanning domains and an extracellular ligand binding site

A

G-protein coupled receptor

29
Q

What occurs following the binding of a hormone to its plasma membrane associated receptor?

A

series of intracellular events occur that lead to the ultimate changes in cell FUNCTION

30
Q

What stimulates the G-coupled receptor in the formation of cAMP?

A

epinephrine

31
Q

Activation of adenylyl cylase results in formation of ___ from ____.

A

cAMP from ATP

32
Q

What does cAMP bind to and activate?

A

PKA

33
Q

What happens after cAMP activates PKA?

A

activation of phosphorylase-alpha and breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

34
Q

What are the most common intracellular second messengers?

A

cAMP**
cGMP
DAG
IP3

35
Q

What are the 3 types of second messengers?

A
  • hydrophilic
  • hydrophobic
  • gases
36
Q

Where are hydrophilic 2nd messengers located and give examples of some.

A

cytoplasm (water-soluble)

cAMP, cGMP, IP3, Ca+2

37
Q

Where are hydrophobic 2nd messengers located and give examples of some.

A

membrane associated
(water insoluble)
-diffuse from PM and bind to membrane associated effector proteins involved in variety of signaling cascades
-DAG and phosphoinositols

38
Q

Where do 2nd messenger gases diffuse through?

A

both cytosol and across CM

NO, CO, HS

39
Q

syndrome caused by the mutation in GNAS which results in a G-protein which is ALWAYS ON leading to overproduction of hormones resulting in abnormal bone growth, unusually skin pigmentation, and endocrine problems.

A

McCune-Albright syndrome

40
Q

GNAS codes for the _____ which activates adenylate cycle

A

G-protein

41
Q

Where is GNAS expressed?

A

endocrine glands and bone

42
Q

Are somatic mutations inheritable?

A

no

43
Q

Are mutations in G-proteins (inherited?

A

no - somatic

44
Q

when some cells express normal version of GNAS and some express mutated version:

A

mosaicism

45
Q

What are GTP-binding proteins inactivated by?

A

bacterial toxins

46
Q

What is the most important class of intracellular signaling hormones?

A

steroid hormones

47
Q

When a cell with Notch is cleaved and binds to another delta cell (juxtacrine signaling) and leads to transcription of notch target genes

A

signaling mediated through regulated PROTEOLYSIS

48
Q

Cell signaling pathways __ initial signal many fold to achieve cellular response.

A

amplify

49
Q

Enzyme linked cell surface receptors have ______ and _______ domains that can take on various configurations and have enzyme/kinase associated activity, respectively.

A

Extracellular

Intracellular

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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