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Biochemistry > Cell structures and metabolism > Flashcards

Cell structures and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

organisms with NO distinct nuclear compartment to house their DNA

A

prokaryotic

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2
Q

2 major classes of prokaryotic organisms

A

bacteria (eubacteria)

archaea

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3
Q

3 major divisions of the living world

A

bacteria (eubacteria)
archaea (archabacteria)
eukaryotes

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4
Q

organisms that house their DNA in a distinct, sub-cellular compartment (nucleus)

A

eukaryotic

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5
Q

Is bacteria single or multi celled?

A

single

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6
Q

Is archaea single or multi celled?

A

single

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7
Q

Are eukaryotes single or multi celled?

A

mostly multi

yeast is single-celled

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8
Q

complex, organized, multi-celled organisms with plasma membranes, membrane-bound organelles, DNA, RNA, ribosomes

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

this type of cell has genetic information (DNA) that is stored as chromosomes in membrane-bound nucleus

A

eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

single-celled organisms; simple; contents are part of cytoplasm, not separated by membrane

A

prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

organelle with selective barrier and enables cells to maintain integrity to function as a coordination chemical system

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

organelle that is the “store-house” of genetic information

A

nucleus

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13
Q

lipid and protein biosynthesis and intracellular Ca2+ store (organelle)

A

ER

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14
Q

membrane bound ribosomes which allows for co-translational translocation of protein peptides chains into the ER concomitant with protein synthesis (organelle)

A

Rough Er

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15
Q

regions of ER that lack ribosomes (organelle)

A

Smooth ER

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16
Q

regions of smooth ER from which transport vesicles bud off and carry newly synthesizes proteins and lipids to the Golgi (organelle)

A

Transitional ER

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17
Q

In cells that specialize in lipid metabolism, the synthesis occurs in the __ ER.

A

smooth

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18
Q

In muscle cells, the expanded smooth ER is specialized for Ca2+ storage and is called the ____.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

major site of carbohydrate synthesis, sorting, and dispatching of products made in the ER

A

Golgi

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20
Q

Energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs cycle)

A

mitochondria

also has distinct mitochondrial DNA genome separate from nuclear DNA

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21
Q

site of intracellular digestion of macromolecules
very heterogeneous in terms of morphology
hydrolytic enzymes in these are all acid hydrolases

A

lysosomes

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22
Q

organelles in eukaryotic cells

A

plasma membrane
nucleus
ER (rough and smooth

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23
Q 
prokaryotes:
cell membrane?
nucleus?
chromosomes? 
ER?
vesicles?
Golgi?
Mitochondria?
cytoskeleton?
ribosomes? 
size?
A 
yes
no
1 (not true chromo)
no
yes
no
no
yes/no
yes (smaller) 
1-10 microns
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24
Q 
eukaryotes:
cell membrane?
nucleus?
chromosomes? 
ER?
vesicles?
Golgi?
Mitochondria?
cytoskeleton?
ribosomes? 
size?
A 
yes
yes
many
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes (larger)
10-100 microns
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25
Q

key structures in bacteria

A

fimbriae (or pili)
flagella
LPS
capsule

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26
Q

function of fimbriae (pili)

A

attachement to surfaces

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27
Q

function of flagella

A

motility

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28
Q

function of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

activate inflammatory response

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29
Q

function of capsule

A

may play role in dental caries

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30
Q

Which bacterial cell wall appears blue/purple?

A

Gram positive

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31
Q

Which bacterial cell wall appears pink/red?

A

Gram negative

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32
Q

What causes the gram positive bacteria to appear purple/blue?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)

prevents crystal violet from being washed out

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33
Q

Which bacterial cell wall has an inner and outer membrane?

A

Gram negative

gram + has an inner membrane but no outer membrane

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34
Q

Teichoic acids are found on gram positive or negative bacterial cell walls?

A

positive

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35
Q

LPS is found on the outer membrane of gram positive or negative bacterial cell walls?

A

negative

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36
Q

What is the enzyme that is responsible for the crosslinking in peptidoglycan?

A

transpeptidase

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37
Q

Transpeptidase is inhibited by which antibiotic?

A

ampicillin

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38
Q

Peptidoglycan is comprised of chains of alternating ___ and ___ sugars.

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

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39
Q

Peptidoglycan chains are cross-linked by ____.

A

oligopeptides

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40
Q

What does a eukaryotic cell membrane consist of?

A

lipid bilayer

proteins (ex: transmembrane, inner and outer proteins)

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41
Q

has membrane bound organelles
site of oxidative phosphorylation and major ATP production within the cell
contain small, circular genome

A

mitochondria

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42
Q

Where in the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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43
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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44
Q

What does glycolysis generate in the cytoplasm?

A

pyruvate

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45
Q

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate will be converted into ___.

A

lactic acid

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46
Q

In aerobic conditions, pyruvate will enter the ___.

A

krebs cycle

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47
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

What needs to be transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the krebs cycle?

A

pyruvate

49
Q

How does pyruvate cross the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

voltage-gated anion channels

50
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Acetyl-CoA

51
Q

What converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

52
Q

Acetyl-CoA transfers its acetyl group to ___ to form ___ which begins the Krebs cycle.

A

oxaloacetate

citrate

53
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ADP–> ATP

54
Q

What is the ETC?

A

NADH releases high energy electrons to form NAD+ and H+; electrons then drive process of pumping hydrogen ions (protons) from matrix to intermembrane space

55
Q

What brings H+ back into matrix from the intermembrane space to produce ATP from ADP?

A

ATP synthase

56
Q

What are the two processes dealing with the Krebs cycle and respiration?

A

ETC

oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, each H+ that is pumped through the channel can generate __ molecule of ___.

A

1

ATP

58
Q

What is a better source of fuel: glucose or fatty acid? why?

A

fatty acid

generate more NADH (31>8)

59
Q

What is the net yield of glycolysis in terms of ATP and NADH?

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

60
Q

How many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 does the citric acid cycle produce?

A

2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2

61
Q

A molecule of glucose can produce how many net ATP molecules?

A

30-32

62
Q

What is a cooperating community of microorganisms within a matrix that is attached to a surface?

A

biofilms

63
Q

Where do biofilms develop?

A

any fluid-filled environment containing microorganisms that are subjected to stress or fluid flow

64
Q

Where are dental biofilms found?

A

tooth surfaces

mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity

65
Q

What is formed on a tooth immediately even after brushing?

A

pellicle

66
Q

What attaches to a pellicle on the tooth?

A

largely gram + cocci and rods (seconds)

67
Q

What does the pellicle form from?

A

proteins in the salvia or GCF

68
Q

What is the function of the pellicle?

A

serves as a conditioning film for attachment of the initial colonizing bacteria

69
Q

How do bacteria within micro-colonies communicate with each other?

A

chemical signals

70
Q

What is the purpose of micro-colonies being porous?

A

have fluid channels that allow for the movement of nutrients, waste products, metabolites, enzymes, and O2

71
Q

Cariogenic bacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides from ___.

A

sucrose

72
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

glucose

fructose

73
Q

Glucose can be built into homopolymers of glucose called ___.

A

glucans
(mutan –> water insoluble)
(dextran –> water-soluble)

74
Q

Fructose can be built into homopolymers consisting of beta 1,2 and beta 2,6 linkages called ___.

A

fructans

75
Q

What is the function of the extracellular polysaccharides from sucrose?

A

nutritional source for bacteria which supports further adhesion and subsequent accumulation of plaque

76
Q

Sucrose is (highly/poorly) soluble and diffuses (rapidly/slowly) into the plaque biofilm where it serves as a ___ for production of the extracellular polysaccharides and acids.

A

highly
rapidly
substrate

77
Q

What are the main causal agent for caries?

A

streptococcus mutans
lactobacillus casei
lactobacillus fermentum

78
Q

(Saccharolytic/Asaccharolytic) bacteria derive their energy from glycolysis.

A

saccharolytic

79
Q

Acid produced from ___ bacteria causes caries.

A

saccharolytic

80
Q

Biofilms on the tooth surfaces will form a dental ___.

A

plaque

81
Q

Once a dental plaque becomes calcified it is called ___.

A

calculus (tartar)

82
Q

Most healthy dentition and no periodontal disease have bacteria in the biofilms that are mostly gram __.

A

positive

83
Q

Gram positive bacteria mainly ferment ____ to a final end product of _____.

A 
sugars
lactic acid (saccharolytic)
84
Q

Production of lactic acid results in (low/high) pH, which results in demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin resulting in caries.

A

low

85
Q

Where do asaccharolytic bacteria derive their energy from?

A

amino acids

86
Q

Free amino acid can be. ___ and ___.

A

deaminated

reduced

87
Q

What are the constituents of dental plaque?

A

ammonium acetate
ammonium propionate
ammonium butyrate

88
Q

Dental calculus further promotes (a/saccharolytic) fermentation.

A

asaccharolytic

89
Q

What causes oral malodor that is associated with periodontal disease?

A

cysteine and methionine ferment to produce hydrogen sulfide

90
Q

What are the types of saliva?

A

serous
mucos
mixed

91
Q

main product of the parotid glands

A

serous saliva

92
Q

main product of the minor glands

A

mucos saliva

93
Q

main product of sublingual and submandibular glands

A

mixed saliva

94
Q

What makes up 99% of saliva?

A

water

95
Q

Functions of saliva

A 
lubricate and protect
buffering action and clearance
maintenance of tooth integrity
antibacterial activity 
taste and digestion
saliva production up to 1L/day
96
Q

What is secreted into the gingival sulcus?

A

gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)

97
Q

functions of GCF

A

cleansing sulcus
improve adhesion of epithelium to tooth
antimicrobial properties
antibody defense of gingiva

98
Q

What kind of environment does the GCF provide?

A

rich in proteins (asacharolytic)

fermentation of AA to produce ammonia

99
Q

Is the pH of GCF high or low and what is the purpose?

A

high

prevent dental caries from developing

100
Q

What is the downside to high pH of GCF?

A

lead to precipitation of calcium and phosphate on dental biofilm (plaque) and eventually formation of calculus

101
Q

Asaccharolytic bacteria produces low or high pH?

A

high

102
Q

Which bacteria would ampicillin mainly kill?

A

gram +

bc of peptidoglycan

103
Q

thin protein layer that forms on the surface of the enamel by binding of glycoproteins present in saliva.

A

pellicle

104
Q

organisms (bacteria) that metabolize sugars to derive energy

A

saccharolytic bacteria

105
Q

Soft biofilm that builds up on the teeth due to the attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface.

A

plaque

106
Q

Harden form of plaque (often called tartar) that builds up on teeth due to the deposition of minerals into the plaque.

A

calculus

107
Q

metabolic pathway used by cells to breakdown glucose to produce ATP energy and pyruvate, which can then be shuttled into the Krebs cycle.

A

glycolysis

108
Q

metabolic pathway that cells use to breakdown fatty acids into Acetyl-CoA, which can enter into the Krebs cycle to produce energy.

A

beta-oxidation

109
Q

also known as the Citric Acid cycle or the TCA cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions that release stored energy by the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.

A

krebs cycle

110
Q

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves a series of reactions that shuttle electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. This results in the pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the mitochondrial intermembrane space and oxygen is reduced to form water. The H+ ions (protons) are pumped into the mitochondrial matrix through the ATP synthase enzyme, which uses the force of H+ ions flowing through it to phosphorylate ADP making ATP.

A

electron transport

111
Q

The dental pellicle forms within (seconds/hours) after cleaning the teeth by the association of _____ in the salivary with the enamel surface.

A

seconds

proteins

112
Q

The pellicle serves as a further attachment matrix for oral bacteria, which produce a dental _____(plaque).

A

biofilm

113
Q

Further mineralization of plaque leads to the formation of _______.

A

calculus

114
Q

Bacteria metabolism within the dental biofilms produces ____ ___ and other end-products that contribute to the development of caries.

A

lactic acid

115
Q

What has provided us with a wealth of resources and information so that we can now consider the practice of personalized dentistry based upon knowledge of an individual’s genetics and the biomes of the bacteria that colonize the oral cavity?

A

modern molecular biology

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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