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GCSE Biology > Hormones and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Hormones and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are carried in blood to target organs

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3
Q

What are the 2 differences between endocrine and nervous system?

A

1) Slower than effects of nervous system

2) Act for longer

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4
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and what is it classed as?

A

In the brain, the ‘master gland’

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5
Q

What doe some of the hormones it releases do?

A

Stimulate the release of other hormones

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6
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal gland

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7
Q

When is adrenaline produced?

A

In times or fear or stress

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8
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline?

A

Increases the heart rate, boosting the delivery of oxygen and glucose

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9
Q

Why is adrenaline produced?

A

To prepare the body for fight or flight

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10
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increases the metabolic rate

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12
Q

What does thyroxine control?

A

Growth and development in young animals

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13
Q

How is thyroxine controlled?

A

By negative feedback

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14
Q

Where do enzymes come from and go to?

A

From glands and pass into tubes called ducts

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15
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands, because hormones pass into blood

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16
Q

What does the pancreas control?

A

Blood glucose concentration

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17
Q

If the blood glucose level is too high…

A

1) Pancreas releases more insulin
2) Insulin causes glucose to move from blood into cells
3) In liver and muscle cells, excess glucose converted into glycogen for storage

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18
Q

If blood glucose level is too low…

A

1) Pancreas releases glucagon

2) Glucagon stimulates glycogen to be converted back into glucose and released into blood

19
Q

What is the control of blood glucose an example of?

A

Negative feedback

20
Q

What is type one diabetes caused by?

A

Pancreas failing to produce enough insulin

21
Q

What does type one diabetes cause?

A

Uncontrolled high blood glucose levels

22
Q

How is type one diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections

23
Q

What is type two diabetes caused by?

A

Body cells no longer responding to insulin

24
Q

What is one risk factor of type two diabetes?

A

Obesity

25
Q

How is type two diabetes treated?

A

Controlled diet and regular exercise

26
Q

When does water leave the body?

A

From the lungs during breathing

27
Q

How does water leave the body?

A

Through skin in sweat and in urine

28
Q

If the concentration of the blood changes…

A

Body cells will gain too much water by osmosis

29
Q

What does the kidney regulate?

A

Balance of water and ions

30
Q

What do the kidneys excrete?

A

Urea

31
Q

What is urea?

A

A waste product that is produced by the liver from the breakdown of protiens

32
Q

What does the digestion of proteins from food result in?

A

Excess amino acids

33
Q

What happens to the excess amino acids?

A

Converted into ammonia by demination by the liver

34
Q

Why is ammonia converted to urea and sent to kidneys?

A

It is toxic

35
Q

How do kidneys produce urine?

A

1) Filtering the blood
2) Selective re absorption of useful substances e.g. glucose, ions and water
3) Leaves urea and excess water and ions to form urine

36
Q

Where does the production of urine take place?

A

In tiny tubes in the kidneys called tubules

37
Q

What controls water level

A

The hormone ADH

38
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When blood is too concentrated

39
Q

What releases ADH?

A

The pituitary gland

40
Q

What does ADH cause?

A

More water to be reabsorbed into the blood

41
Q

Where does ADH pass in?

A

The blood to the kidney tubules

42
Q

What 2 ways can kidney failure be treated?

A

1) Organ transplant

2) Kidney dialysis

43
Q

What does a dialysis machine do?

A

Takes over the role, removing waste products from the blood 3 times a week

GCSE Biology (2 decks)

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