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Bio Year 2 > Hormones and Behaviour > Flashcards

Hormones and Behaviour Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A hormone affects target cells :
A: at a distance from the source
B: close to the source

A

A

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1
Q

What actually is a hormone?

A
  • A chemical messenger that is released into the blood stream
  • It affects the function of target cells at a DISTANCE from the source
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2
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones and give me an example of each

A

**Protein hormones **
e.g insulin, leptin, glucagon or ghrelin
Monamine hormones
e.g. epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), melatonin,dopamine, serotonin
Steroid Hormones
e.g. cortisol, testosterone, estradiol

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3
Q

What are protein hormones composed of?

A

**Multiple amino acids **e.g. insulin, leptin, glucagon or ghrelin

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4
Q

Where are protein hormones stored ?

A

In endocrine cells

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5
Q

What are monoamine hormones composed of?

A

Derived form a SINGLE amino acid e.g. melatonin, dopamin or serotonin

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6
Q

What can monoamine hormones act as?
A : hormones
B: neurotransmitters
C : Both

A

BOTH !
The difference is:
Hormones are released into the blood and act on distant target cells.
Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and act locally.

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7
Q

What are steroid hormones composed of ?

A

3, six - carbon rings and 1, 5- carbon ring

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8
Q

Give me the 3 places where steroid hormones are produced?

A
  1. ADRENAL glands
  2. GONADS (e..g testes or ovaries)
  3. BRAIN
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9
Q

**Steroid hormones are : **
A: slow acting
B : fast acting

A

A - slow acting!
e.g. cortisol, testosterone, estradiol

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10
Q

Where do hormones come from ?

A

Glands !

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11
Q

What are glands?

A

Where hormones come from.
- A gland is a **group of cells **thatis formed by an ingrowth from anepithelial (surface
- NOTE - not ALL glands produce hormones

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12
Q

Tell me the two different types of glands

A

EXOcrine and ENDOcrine

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13
Q

Where do ENDOcrine glands secrete hormones?
provide an example

A

ENDOcrine glands secrete hormones **DIRECTLY **into the bloodstream
e.g. pituitary gland, adrenal gland

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14
Q

Where do EXOcrine glands secrete substances?
provide an example

A

EXOcrine glands secrete substances onto the EPITHELIAL surface via a **DUCT **
e.g. sweat, salivary, mammary

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15
Q

Does an endocrine gland secrete hormones ‘within’ the body or ‘outside’ the body?

A

Within

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16
Q

Do exocrine glands secrete the hormone ‘within’ or ‘outside’ the body?

A

THEY DONT ! EXOcrine glands DO NOT secrete hormones, they secrete products such as sweat and saliva - which are not hormones dumb dumb.

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17
Q

Where do Neural messages travel?

A

Neural messages travel along existing nerve tracks

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18
Q

Where do Hormones travel?

A

Anywhere in the body via the Circulatory system, any cell that receives blood can potentially be affected by hormones!

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19
Q

How long do Neural messages take to make an effect?

A

Immediately, they have rapid onset and offset, this takes place in
milliseconds meaning there is rapid change

20
Q

How long do Hormonal messages take to make an effect?

A

Minutes to hours, they mediate long-term processes like growth or metabolism.

21
Q

Do we have voluntary control over our hormones?

A

NO, they are released without us knowing

22
Q

Do we have voluntary control over our Neurons?

A

**YES **, in this context. For example decision making, movement and learning are all decisions we make.

23
Q

What glands secrete hormones?

A

ENDOcrine glands.

24
Q

What do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Sweat, saliva and mucus…
remember - NOT hormones

25
Q

What are Target cells ?

A

“target cells” refers to cells in the body that have specific receptors for a particular hormone

26
Q

Receptors bind to hormones with what 2 things?

A

High affinity = meaning the hormones bonds with ‘high affinity’ or strongly/tightly to the receptor
High specificty = meaning the hormones only bond with specific receptors that ‘fit’ that hormones.

27
Q

Tell me how steroid hormones bind to receptors?

A
  1. Steriod hormones are NOT water soluble …
  2. So, they require carrier proteins to travel through the bloodstream …
  3. They then bind to receptors INSIDE the target cells.
28
Q

Tell me how protein hormones bind to receptors?

A
  1. Protein hormones CANNOT pass through the plasma membranes of cells
  2. Receptors are found on the **SURFACE **of the target cell
29
Q

What are the effects of hormones on a target cell?

A
  1. Hormones interact with receptors that leads to activation of ENZYMATIC pathways or changes in gene expression and protein synthesis
  2. Hormones may also change a cell’s morphology or size
30
Q

What does the responsiveness of hormones on target cells depend upon?

3 things

A
  1. Hormone concentration
  2. Number of targer receptors
  3. Influence of other hormones
31
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

A positive feedback maintains or accelerates the direction of a stimulus e.g. childbirth contractions

32
Q

Tell me how contractions during childbirth work?

Positive feeback loop

A
  1. Baby pushed against the cervix (stretching it).
  2. This stretching causes nerve impulses to be sent to the brain.
  3. The brain stimulated the pituitary glands to release oxytocin.
  4. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract.
33
Q

Explain a positive feedback loop

A
  1. Endocrine Gland: This is where the process begins. An endocrine gland is responsible for producing hormones, which are released into the bloodstream to regulate various activities within the body.
  2. Hormone: The hormone is the signalling molecule produced by the endocrine gland. It travels through the blood to reach a specific target tissue.
  3. Target Tissue: This is the tissue or organ that the hormone affects. Once the hormone binds to receptors on the target tissue, it triggers a response appropriate to the function of the hormone.
  4. Product: The response from the target tissue results in the production of a certain product. This product then has an effect on the activity of the endocrine gland that initially secreted the hormone.

Positive Feedback: The diagram indicates positive feedback with a plus sign (+). In positive feedback, the product of the target tissue’s response increases the activity of the endocrine gland, leading to the production of more hormone. This creates a loop where the initial action (hormone release) is amplified.

34
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A negative feedback loop changes the direction of the stimulus either increase or decrease.

35
Q

Tell me how insulin release works?

A
  1. High blood glucose level is detcted by cells in pancreas
  2. pancrease secretes the hormone insulin causing liver cells to take us glucose and glycogen
  3. As body cells take up blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline, and insulin release stops (negative feedback)
  4. Retrun to homeostatic blood glucose level
  5. Stimulus is the blood glucose level rising
36
Q

What is up-regulation ?

A

Up-regulation is where a cell increases the production of receptors for a hormone (e.g. when concentrations are low), this increases how sensitive cells are in relation to a particular hormone.

37
Q

What is Down-regulation ?

A

Down-regulation is where a cell decreases the number of receptors for a particular hormone, this decreases how sensitive cells are in relation to a particular hormone.

38
Q

Give me an example of upregulation in hormones?

A

Pregancy:
Oxytocin (hormone) plays a crucial **role in stimulating contractions in birth by binding to receptor cells in the uterus. As the pregnancy nears birth, the uterus changes and becomes more sensitive to oxyctocin through the upregulation of oxytocin receptors** on the muscle walls of the uterus. This means the uterus repsonds better to oxytocin and releases it more effecitvely in birth, encourgaing contractions.
This is a positive feedback loop because when there is more contractions, there is more oxytocin released therefore resulting in the birth of a baby.

39
Q

Give me an example of Downregulation in hormones?

A

Chronic Stress :
When we are very stressed our sympathetic nervous system releases **high levels of adrenaline **(epinephrine), these hormones bind to specific receptors on target tissue e.g. the heart. Due to prolonged exposure of hormone (the high levels of adrenaline), this causes a down-regulation of the specific receptors. to reduce stress.
This down-regulation occurs as a negative feedback loop to reduce sensitivity of target cells.

40
Q

What is Hormone clearance?

A

Process of** lowering hormone** levels in the body

41
Q

Give me 3 ways Hormones are broken down?

A
  1. Enzymes that remove hormones from receptors
  2. The** liver**
  3. Disintegrate in the bloodstream
42
Q

Give me the 2 places where hormones are excreted from the body?

A
  1. Bile
  2. Urine
43
Q

What do interactions with a recpetor lead to?

A
  1. Activation of enzymatic pathways
  2. effects on gene expression and protein synthesis
44
Q

What are the 3 interacting components in an organism that hormones can affect?

A
  1. Sensory systems (input e.g. pupil dulation)
  2. Central processing systems (e..g brain)
  3. Output systems (effectors e.g. heart)
45
Q

How do Hormones affect behaviour?

A

Hormones INFLUENCE behaviour, not CAUSE behavioural change.
Hormones influence systems in the body so that specific stimuli are more likely to elicit a certain repsonse - changing the PROBABILITY of a behaviour

46
Q

Is the relationship between hormones and behaviour:
A - directional
B - Bidirectional

A

B !
The relationship is bidrectional.
This means hormones can influence behavior, and at the same time, behavior can also influence hormone levels. e.g. cortisol (stress) makes you behave differently and social situations can release oxytocin (love hormone).

47
Q

Name me a studyon how **behaviour affects hormones **?

Hint : Rhesus Monkeys

A

Rose, Holaday & Bernstein, 1971
Male rhesus monkeys who lose a fight show reduced testosterone for several days after.

48
Q

How do we determine if hormones affect a certain behaviour?

A
  1. If a behaviour is dependent on hormones, when the actions of this hormone are blocked (or removed) …
  2. In theory the behaviour should stop, after it has stopped, if we reinstate the hormone we’ve blocked, the behaviour should resume .
  3. Hormone concentrations and the behaviour should be covariant - meaning, when hormone levels fluctuate, corresponding changes in behavior are observed, and vice versa. e..g when we are stressed (cortisol) we exhibit quickened pace, same as if we mediate we are more relaxed (less cortisol) and therefore have a slower heartrate.

Bio Year 2 (4 decks)

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