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PSYC381 - Behavioral Endocrinology > Hormones and Behavior > Flashcards

Hormones and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology

A

“the study of the interaction between hormones and behavior”

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2
Q

why is there an endo emphasis on behavioral neuroendocrinology?

A

historical accident - the behaviors that were once considered “motivated” are those that are concerned with homeostasis - sex, feeding, drinking, aggression and so on
- hormones are the common thread in these behaviors

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3
Q

define hormone

A

Chemicals secreted by specialized cells and conveyed to other parts of the body, where they act on specific target tissues to produce specific physiological effects

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4
Q

what do hormones coordinate and how

A

the physiology and behavior of an animal by regulating, integrating, and controlling bodily functions

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5
Q

gray area in neuroendo

A

distinction between neurotransmitters and hormones. Some things do both.

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6
Q

4 bodily factors/humors (overall concept?)

A

phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile
- medial concept of what balances to regulate our personality

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7
Q

phlegm

A

sluggishness (modern use: “phlegmatic = unemotional, calm)
- person is relaxed and thoughtful

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8
Q

blood

A

sanguinity = social temperament (hot-blooded)
- person is pleasure seeking and sociable

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9
Q

yellow bile

A

choler = aggressive nervousness (choleric = irritable, cranky)
- anxious and vigilant
- person is ambitious and leader like

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10
Q

black bile

A

melancholia (biliousness = peevishness or wrathfulness)
- person is analytical and literal

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11
Q

what did aristotle write developmental effects about

A

of applying hot pokers to testes

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12
Q

capons vs geldings

A

castrated male chicken vs castrated male horse

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13
Q

eunuchs

A

castrated males

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14
Q

hijra

A

AMB that dont identify with any gender

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15
Q

castrati

A

males castrated pre-puberty to retain an opera like voice: their voice did not drop

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16
Q

pangenesis

A

concept that bits and pieces of various organs were secreted into the blood and congregated in the gonads to assemble into tiny humans

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17
Q

3 ideas berthold 1849 had as a result of pangenesis

A
  • various bodily sites release agents into the blood
  • these agents travel through the blood to particular targets
  • the testes were an important part of the process
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18
Q

4 conditions of bertholds experiment

A

no op, remove both testes, remove 1 teste and implant other in abdomen (disconnect from nerve/blood supply), remove 1 teste and cross implant the other from a stranger

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19
Q

findings of condition 1

A

normal rooster behavior: aggressive and crow

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20
Q

findings of condition 2

A

not normal size, crow eventually, TASTY, dont chase hens

21
Q

findings of condition 3 & 4

A

normal rooster behavior

22
Q

why did all of this conditions kind of all work out?

A

testosterone was the critical need here and it was still secreted in all conditions

23
Q

brown sequard 1890

A

a self experiment with testicle extract: rejuvenating elixir

  • the contents of a testicle were not isolated for many more decades… 40kg of pig testes gave 20mg T
24
Q

bayliss and starling 1905

A

Credited as first to isolate and describe an endocrine factor
- these 2 were the first people to use the name hormone
- described how pancreas works and what is secreted
- started w homeostasis

25
Q

which endocrine factor did bayliss and starling isolate

A

Secretin, a gut hormone related to pancreatic secretion

26
Q

walter cannon 1920s

A

main homeostasis guy!
- Originator of the notion of an “internal milieu”, regulated by factors now known to be hormones.
- Led to the notion of homeostasis - precise regulation of bodily state, and
integration of internal state with manifest behavior

27
Q

frank beach 1911

A

first to realize that hormones contribute
directly to the generation of behavior, not just to structure, or some basic physiological role in homeostasis
- performed many landmark studies of hormones and sexual behavior

28
Q

which relationship did beach realize was reciprocal

A

behavior can alter endocrine function

29
Q

what was beachs book that revolutionized endo

A

“Hormones & Behavior” (1948)

30
Q

7 experimental issues in BNE experiments

A
  • objectivity and anthropomorphism
  • ecological validity
  • behavioral grammar
  • field vs lab
  • experimental design
  • objective measurement
  • levels of analysis
  • hormone–behavior transactions
  • criteria for determining causality
31
Q

objectivity and anthropomorphism

A

the way we apply human motives to animals
- hungry, lonely, horny, angry etc

32
Q

Ecological validity

A

need to assess the hormone-behavior relationship with reference to the purpose it serves in order to identify all related behaviors and physiological mechanisms
- what is the actual natural response of animals if we are just putting them in labs and running lab experiments

33
Q

Behavioral Grammar

A

Need methods for precisely describing the induced behavior, in terms of both the
specific actions that occur AND the consequences of those actions
- E.g. a hormone may cause an animal to drink, but may also cause it to travel (in order to drink) AND may be involved in limiting the
intake of water around a homeostatic set point

34
Q

field vs lab

A

field shows validity (complex situation)
- animal tends to show normal behavior in natural settings

lab shows reliability (simple situation)
- you get to control to see exactly what is needed

35
Q

experimental design

A

between subjects: fast, no order effects, good in the field
- capture and release

within subjects: statistical power, precision, good in the lab
- compare individuals before and after

treatments: physiological or supraphysiological
- phys = remove testes and give T replacement
- supra = increased effect: give 2-3x the normal dose

36
Q

objective measurement

A

a blind observer is required since behavior analysis needs subtle judgements from experimenter; its easy to bias your results
- ex: lordosis ratings

37
Q

levels of analysis

A

proximate causation:
- the how questions
- deals w mechanisms & developmental issues
- most common approach in BNE

ultimate/distal causation:
- the why questions
- deals with evolution and adaptive significance of behaviors
- often studied phylogenetically; i.e. comparing closely related species
- If a species is short-lived, can also induce evolution experimentally.
- Examples: bacteria, drosophila, C. elegans

38
Q

P voles vs M voles

A

example of phylogenetically study of closely related species

 - P voles = monogamous males and females look and behave similar
 - M voles = polygamous have large ranges that encompass females
39
Q

how does a short lived species induce evolution

A

short life span = generative bc hormones are easy to manipulate and its easy to induce mutations

40
Q

hormone–behavior transactions AND 4 examples

A

this relationship is bidirectional
- change in energy leads to estrus
- change in oxytocin leads to milk production
- losing a fight leads to decreased T
- nipple stimulation leads to increased oxytocin

41
Q

3 criteria for determining causality

A
  • removal of hormone leads to target behavior ceasing or reducing greatly
  • restoration of hormone leads to behavior resuming
  • hormone levels and target behavior should be found to covary
42
Q

problems with criteria 1

A
  • redundancy: remove 1/3 and others have to make up for it.. redundant
  • mediation/moderation: hormone may work indirectly by mediating some other effect in body / might need a 2nd hormone to work
  • joint causality: 2 hormones have to be present jointly in order for effect to happen – 2 sex hormones needed in partners for sexual behavior to happen
43
Q

problem with criteria 2

A

critical period problem
- hormones might only act on critical periods. casteration early in life can result in no display of sexual behavior ever, despite # of T shots
- puberty = critical period

44
Q

problem with criteria 3

A

time course problem
- T and aggression covary: if one goes up so should the other
- dont know the time course of hormones: steroids take time to work because of the process of gene expression
- how long are you meant to wait?

45
Q

the main action of hormone

A

alter gene expression

46
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA (on
chromosomes) that codes for a particular
protein

47
Q

protein

A

is a chain of amino acids, a peptide is a short chain; code for specific proteins

48
Q

steroid

A

has 4 rings (3 6-carbon rings, and a 5-carbon ring) and is constructed from cholesterol by enzymes.

49
Q
A

PSYC381 - Behavioral Endocrinology (2 decks)

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