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PSYC381 - Behavioral Endocrinology > 7: Parental Behaviour > Flashcards

7: Parental Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

2 dimensions of human parental behavior

A

expectation and support

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2
Q

4 categories based off the 2 dimensions

A

neglectful = low/low
permissiveness = low/high
authoritarian = high/low
authoritative = high/high

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3
Q

alloparenting

A

parenting has both paternal and maternal behaviors but often extends to include broader social groups too

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4
Q

2 things determine the degree to which offspring require parental assistance in order to survive to reproductive age

A

altricial and precocial
- altricial young get more parenting

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5
Q

altricial

A

being relatively un or under developed at parturition

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6
Q

precocial

A

being relatively well developed at parturition

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7
Q

what is one evolutionary strategy to avoid costs of parenting

A

the overproduction of precocial young (ex mosquitoes)

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8
Q

kin selection

A

mechanism that can promote alloparenting, in which fitness is given to genetic relatives of those providing care

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9
Q

hamiltons rule for altruism

A

r> C/B

where r is the coefficient of relatedness that can range from 0 to 1
- 0 = no relation above average and 1 = a clone
- parents are related to offspring at r = 0.5 and offspring are related to themselves at r = 1

where B is the quantification of the fitness benefit given to the offspring

where C is the quantification of the fitness cost incurred by the caregiver

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10
Q

parent offspring conflict theory

A

Depending on the ecological
circumstances of a particular
species, there time point at which
the cost overcomes the benefits
varies, but it inevitably arrives

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11
Q

what does early care termination result in

A

parents allowed to reinvest in new young

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12
Q

what does late care termination result in

A

allows young to maximize their benefit

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13
Q

parental behavior in female sex

A

incur more proximal costs than males
for their investment in offspring

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14
Q

parental behavior in male sex

A

Paternal investment is rare, so sexual selection itself becomes a trade-off between the selection of low- vs. high-investment males

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15
Q

low investment males vs high investment males

A

Low-investment males have more time for inter-male competition

High-investment males are therefore less likely to be able to dominate low investment males in inter-male competition

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16
Q

mother tree

A

local douglas firs that preferentially redistribute nutrients to related
local saplings and other plants

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17
Q

what is this redistribution facilitated by

A

a network of fungi that act as sources and sinks for the various molecules that can be “called for” by both the plants and the fungi themselves

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18
Q

exceptions of fish engaging in parenting behavior

A

yolk composition and other feeding

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19
Q

in which fish does the hormonal content of the yolk affect morphology

A

tropical damselfish

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20
Q

what hormones in TD fish yolk affect morphology

A

cortisol decreases larvae length and Test increases yolk size

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21
Q

daffodil cichlid alloparents vs parents

A

allos have higher levels of cortisol

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22
Q

which fish feed off the mucus made in the skin of their parents and why

A

midas cichlids
- because mucus has prolactin, GH and T4

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23
Q

what are the exceptions of parental care in amphibians

A

egg attendance, egg transport
tadpole attendance, tadpole transport, tadpole feeding and internal gestation in the oviduct

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24
Q

what does some reptiles show the first signs of

A

dyadic mate preference

25
Q

what is tissue development in larvae controlled by

A

T3, T4, CORT and PRL

26
Q

what can tip the balance in sex determination for amphibians and reptiles

A

steroids in the egg yolk

26
Q

what induces egg laying in amph/rep

A

nonapeptides

26
Q

male birds parenting facts (3)

A

unlike other vertebrate classes, most male birds will provide some parental support for new hatchlings or egg incubation

males in 60% of subfamilies provide some kind of parental care

alloparenting is common in bird species but specifically with older male siblings providing support

26
Q

why are pigeons and doves unique in sense of maternal endocrinology

A

both males and females have a crop sac with crop milk

27
Q

what has behav endo in birds been mainly focused on

A

atypical birds like chickens, pigeons and doves

27
Q

broodiness

A

when females and often males provide parental support by incubating eggs and warming hatchlings

28
Q

what can induce broodiness in non-broody hens

A

blood serum from broody hens, this is bc of the prolactin

29
Q

when are prolactin levels high in bird moms

A

during incubation, even for precocial young

30
Q

prolactin levels for altricial young birds

A

levels remain high for the duration of chick rearing, levels correspond to the length of that rearing

31
Q

bird egg laying and hormones

A

parasitic parents have increases in prolactin immediately after egg laying

egg laying itself is preceded by increases in steroid hormones and LH and FSH

32
Q

example of parasitic form of parenting in birds

A

the cuckoo
- lays their eggs in the nests of other birds so host mom will misidentify the hatchlings as their own
- cuckoo hatches first and take disproportionate amount of regurgitated food from host mom
- cuckoo has instinct to push other eggs out before they hatch

33
Q

reproductive cycle in ringdove moms

A

nest building, egg laying, incubation, hatching and post-hatching behavior

34
Q

how is incubation initiated and sustained in ring dove moms

A

started by high levels of progesterone and sustained by mid incubation increase in prolactin

35
Q

ringdoves - what do crop sacs require

A

prolactin which can be inhibited by corticosterone

36
Q

what are capons inclined to

A

broodiness

37
Q

perching birds- nest building is strongly related to what

A

a decrease in androgen levels BUT androgen levels need to increase in response to territorial defense requirements in males

38
Q

what do paternal male birds show increased levels in

A

prolactin

39
Q

what is female birds hormonal profile dependent on

A

nest building and courtship
- males hormonal profile is independent from this!!!

40
Q

nest building in male birds and HORMONES!

A

doves: nest building requires Test to be high instead of progesterone

mesotocin and vasotocin antagonists decrease nest building behavior

41
Q

what expresses vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP

A

brain areas networked w the POA = the medial amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis BNST

42
Q

what is VIP linked to

A

nesting

43
Q

what receptor density decreases in the POA of parenting birds

A

androgen

44
Q

what receptor density varies with courtship and brooding, and where and what are the exceptions

A

prolactin receptor density decreases in the nucleus tuberis but increases in the POA

  • exception is the parasitic cowbird that has fewer POA receptors
45
Q

testosterone injections in male juncos

A

resulted in decreased parental behavior but did NOT affect the levels of prolactin or prolactin receptors

46
Q

what are mammals named after

A

the gland that produces the milk
milk = the characteristic nutritive substance produced for its young

47
Q

3 subgroups of mammals

A

monotremes, marsupials, placentals

48
Q

marsupials

A

latin for pouch
- has 3 phases of parenting

49
Q

monotremes

A

no nipple, lays eggs

50
Q

placentals

A

most mammals, named for the specialized organ

51
Q

monotremes - which post pituitary hormones change

A

mesotocin becomes oxytocin
vasotocin becomes vasopressin

52
Q

monotremes - what brain parts reflex low functionality in certain animals

A

the small size of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in both enchidna and the platypus

53
Q

monotreme hormones

A

monotreme prolactin and GH show closer similarity to other mammals than other reptiles

54
Q

monotremes - lactation hormones

A

regulated by insulin or CORT

55
Q

marsupials

A

PSYC381 - Behavioral Endocrinology (2 decks)

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