Hormones Flashcards
What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?
Mnemonic = FLAT PEG FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) Prolactin Endorphins GH (growth hormone)
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
What is the effect of and target organ for FSH?
ovary/follicle development
testes/spermatogenesis
What is the effect of and target organ for LH?
ovary/ovulation
testes/testosterone synthesis
What is the effect of and target organ for ACTH?
increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex
What is the effect of and target organ for TSH?
thyroid/increases synthesis and release of TH
What is the effect of and target organ for Prolactin?
mammary gland/milk production
What is the effect of and target organ for GH?
increases bone and muscle growth; increases cell turnover rate
What is the effect of and target organ for ADH/vasopressin?
kidneys/water retention
What is the effect of and target organ for oxytocin?
breast/milk letdown, uterus contraction
What is the effect of and target organ for TH (thyroxine)?
child: necessary for physical and mental development
adult: increases metabolic rate and temp
What hormone does thyroid C cells produce?
calcitonin
What is the effect of and target organ for calcitonin?
bone, kidneys; lowers serum Ca++
What is the effect of and target organ for parathyroid hormone?
bone, kidneys, small intestine; raises serum Ca++
What hormone is produced by the thymus?
thymosin (in child only)
What is the effect of and target organ for thymosin?
T cell development during childhood
What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?
cortisol (“glucocorticoid”) (steroid)
aldosterone (“mineralcorticoid”) (steroid)
sex steroids
What is the effect of and target organ for cortisol (glucocorticoid)
released during longer-term stress response; increases BG and protein catabolism; decreases inflammation and immunity; many others
What is the effect of and target organ for aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
kidneys/increases Na+ reabsorption to increase BP
An adrenal tumor can cause overproduction of sex steroids, which can cause _____ or ______
masculinization or feminization
What hormone is released by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?
insulin
Which cells of the pancreas release insulin?
B cells
insulin secretion causes a decrease in BG, and an increase in ____ and ____ storage
glycogen and fat
Which cells of the pancreas release glucagon?
alpha cells
Which cells of the pancreas release somatostatin?
delta cells
What is the effect of and target organ for somatostatin?
inhibits many digestive processes
What is the effect of and target organ for testosterone?
male characteristics, spermatogenesis
What is the effect of and target organ for estrogen?
female characteristics, endometrial growth
What is the effect of and target organ for progesterone?
endometrial secretion, pregnancy
What hormone is released by the heart?
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
What is the effect of and target organ for atrial natriuretic factor?
kidney/increases urination to decrease BP
What hormone is released by the kidneys?
erythropoietin; bone marrow/increases production of RBCs
What is the site of synthesis for peptide hormones? for lipid hormones?
peptide = rough ER lipid = smooth ER
What is the regulation of release for peptide and steroid hormones? (aka how are the intracellularly stored?)
peptide hormones = stored in vesicles until a signal for secretion is released
steroid hormones = synthesized only when needed and then used immediately, not stored
How are peptide hormones and steroid hormones transported through the bloodstream?
Peptide hormones travel freely, whereas steroids are stuck to protein carriers
Peptide hormone only target cells that have the appropriate ____ receptors (with the exception of thyroxine)
surface
Steroid hormones only target cells that have the appropriate ____ receptors
cytoplasmic
What is the mechanism of effect for peptide hormones?
they bind to receptors that generate second messengers which result in modification of enzyme activity
What is the mechanism of steroid hormones?
bind to receptors that alter gene expression by regulating DNA transcription
What is the timing of effect for peptide hormones and steroid hormones?
peptide hormones = rapid and short lived
steroid hormones = slow onset but long lasting
The hypothalamic portal system consists of 2 ______ _____ in sequence
capillary beds
