Hormones

Question 1

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 1

Mnemonic = FLAT PEG
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Prolactin 
Endorphins
GH (growth hormone)

Question 2

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 2

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

Question 3

What is the effect of and target organ for FSH?

Answer 3

ovary/follicle development

testes/spermatogenesis

Question 4

What is the effect of and target organ for LH?

Answer 4

ovary/ovulation

testes/testosterone synthesis

Question 5

What is the effect of and target organ for ACTH?

Answer 5

increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

Question 6

What is the effect of and target organ for TSH?

Answer 6

thyroid/increases synthesis and release of TH

Question 7

What is the effect of and target organ for Prolactin?

Answer 7

mammary gland/milk production

Question 8

What is the effect of and target organ for GH?

Answer 8

increases bone and muscle growth; increases cell turnover rate

Question 9

What is the effect of and target organ for ADH/vasopressin?

Answer 9

kidneys/water retention

Question 10

What is the effect of and target organ for oxytocin?

Answer 10

breast/milk letdown, uterus contraction

Question 11

What is the effect of and target organ for TH (thyroxine)?

Answer 11

child: necessary for physical and mental development
adult: increases metabolic rate and temp

Question 12

What hormone does thyroid C cells produce?

Answer 12

calcitonin

Question 13

What is the effect of and target organ for calcitonin?

Answer 13

bone, kidneys; lowers serum Ca++

Question 14

What is the effect of and target organ for parathyroid hormone?

Answer 14

bone, kidneys, small intestine; raises serum Ca++

Question 15

What hormone is produced by the thymus?

Answer 15

thymosin (in child only)

Question 16

What is the effect of and target organ for thymosin?

Answer 16

T cell development during childhood

Question 17

What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 17

epinephrine

Question 18

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 18

cortisol (“glucocorticoid”) (steroid)
aldosterone (“mineralcorticoid”) (steroid)
sex steroids

Question 19

What is the effect of and target organ for cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Answer 19

released during longer-term stress response; increases BG and protein catabolism; decreases inflammation and immunity; many others

Question 20

What is the effect of and target organ for aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

Answer 20

kidneys/increases Na+ reabsorption to increase BP

Question 21

An adrenal tumor can cause overproduction of sex steroids, which can cause _____ or ______

Answer 21

masculinization or feminization

Question 22

What hormone is released by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

Which cells of the pancreas release insulin?

Answer 23

B cells

Question 24

insulin secretion causes a decrease in BG, and an increase in ____ and ____ storage

Answer 24

glycogen and fat

Question 25

Which cells of the pancreas release glucagon?

Answer 25

alpha cells

Question 26

Which cells of the pancreas release somatostatin?

Answer 26

delta cells

Question 27

What is the effect of and target organ for somatostatin?

Answer 27

inhibits many digestive processes

Question 28

What is the effect of and target organ for testosterone?

Answer 28

male characteristics, spermatogenesis

Question 29

What is the effect of and target organ for estrogen?

Answer 29

female characteristics, endometrial growth

Question 30

What is the effect of and target organ for progesterone?

Answer 30

endometrial secretion, pregnancy

Question 31

What hormone is released by the heart?

Answer 31

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Question 32

What is the effect of and target organ for atrial natriuretic factor?

Answer 32

kidney/increases urination to decrease BP

Question 33

What hormone is released by the kidneys?

Answer 33

erythropoietin; bone marrow/increases production of RBCs

Question 34

What is the site of synthesis for peptide hormones? for lipid hormones?

Answer 34

``` peptide = rough ER lipid = smooth ER ```

Question 35

What is the regulation of release for peptide and steroid hormones? (aka how are the intracellularly stored?)

Answer 35

peptide hormones = stored in vesicles until a signal for secretion is released steroid hormones = synthesized only when needed and then used immediately, not stored

Question 36

How are peptide hormones and steroid hormones transported through the bloodstream?

Answer 36

Peptide hormones travel freely, whereas steroids are stuck to protein carriers

Question 37

Peptide hormone only target cells that have the appropriate ____ receptors (with the exception of thyroxine)

Answer 37

surface

Question 38

Steroid hormones only target cells that have the appropriate ____ receptors

Answer 38

cytoplasmic

Question 39

What is the mechanism of effect for peptide hormones?

Answer 39

they bind to receptors that generate second messengers which result in modification of enzyme activity

Question 40

What is the mechanism of steroid hormones?

Answer 40

bind to receptors that alter gene expression by regulating DNA transcription

Question 41

What is the timing of effect for peptide hormones and steroid hormones?

Answer 41

peptide hormones = rapid and short lived | steroid hormones = slow onset but long lasting

Question 42

The hypothalamic portal system consists of 2 ______ _____ in sequence

Answer 42

capillary beds