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Biology Paper 2 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers sent in the blood to controls things in organs and cells

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2
Q

How are hormones produced?

A

produced and secreted by various glands called endocrine glands

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3
Q

Pituitary gland

A

produces hormones that regulate body conditions

direct glands to release hormones that bring about change

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4
Q

Ovaries

A

produce oestrogen

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5
Q

Testes

A

produce testosterone

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6
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

controls puberty and sperm production

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7
Q

thyroid gland

A

produced thyroxine

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8
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

regulates things like rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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9
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline

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10
Q

pancreas

A

produced insulin which regulates blood sugar levels

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11
Q

Neurones features

A

very fast action
act for short period of time
act on precise area

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12
Q

Hormones features

A

slower action
act for long period of time
act in a more general way

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13
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

prepares body to either face the threat or run away

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14
Q

How does adrenaline do its job?

A

activating processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells

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15
Q

How does the body prepare for action?

A

the brain sends nervous impulses of the adrenal glands which respond by secreting adrenaline

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16
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

when the body detects that a substance has gone above or below the normal level it triggers a response to get it back to normal

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17
Q

Menstrual cycle stage one

A

the lining of the uterus breaks down

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18
Q

Menstrual cycle stage two

A

from day 4 to 14 the uterus lining is repaired so the egg can implant there

19
Q

Menstrual cycle stage three

A

On day 14 an egg is developed and released from ovary

20
Q

Menstrual cycle stage four

A

The lining is maintained til around day 28 and if no egg is on the uterus wall it breaks down again

21
Q

where is FSH realised from?

A

pituitary gland

22
Q

FSH function

A

causes a follicle to mature in ovaries

stimulates oestrogen production

23
Q

Oestrogen function

A

causes lining of uterus to thicken and grow

stimulates an LH increase

24
Q

where is LH released from?

A

pituitary gland

25
Q

LH function

A

stimulates ovulation at day 14

stimulates follicle to develop into corpus luteum

26
Q

what does corpus luteum secret?

A

progesterone

27
Q

Progesterone function

A

maintains lining of uterus

inhibits release of FSH and LH

28
Q

what happens if there is a low level of progesterone?

A

lining of uterus breaks down as low level of oestrogen

allows FSH to increase so cycle begins again

29
Q

Clonifene Therapy

A

causes more FSH and LH to be released to stimulate egg maturation

30
Q

What does clomifene therapy allow?

A

to know when a women will be ovulating so a couple can have intercourse at that time

31
Q

IVF

A

collecting a women’s egg and fertilising them in a lab then placing them back in a women’s uterus as an embryo

32
Q

why is FSH and LH given in IVF?

A

to stimulate egg production

33
Q

how does oestrogen prevent pregnancy?

A

by taking it every day it inhibits the production of FSH and stops every development and production

34
Q

how does progesterone prevent pregnancy?

A

reduces fertility by stimulating production of thick cervical mucus to prevent any sperm reaching the egg

35
Q

which contraception methods contain oestrogen and progesterone?

A

combined pull

contraceptive patch

36
Q

which contraceptives contain progesterone?

A

mini pill

contraceptive injection

37
Q

disadvantages of hormonal methods

A

unpleasant side effects

don’t protect against sexually transmitted diseases

38
Q

advantages of hormonal methods

A

prevent pregnancy

don’t have to think every time you have sex

39
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintaining a constant internal environment

40
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A

Blood glucose regulation
osmoregulation
thermoregulation

41
Q

type one diabetes

A

where the pancreas produces little or no insulin

42
Q

treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

injecting insulin
regular exercise
limiting intake of food of simple carbohydrates

43
Q

type two diabetes

A

where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when the body becomes resistant

44
Q

treatments for type 2 diabetes

A

healthy diet
exercise regularly
insulin injections

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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